Benefits Of Family-Friendly Policies Essay Example for Free

Benefits Of Family-Friendly Policies Essay The past few decades, families in Hong Kong faced in undergone major changes, intense pace of life and hard work always affected families’ features. How to balance family life and work have become a social policy, in order to establish a family-friendly community, have implemented various measures to help employees balance their work and family lives, promote family relationship. In this essay, first I will explain these policies how to help with all aspects of employee, and then analysis of these measures on the employment benefit. Finally, pointed out that Hong Kong Government and the enterprises on how to implement these policies. Family-friendly employment may implement different policies to meet the needs of employees. Including the introduction of given family leave benefits, such as marriage leave, paternity leave, parental leave, compassionate leave, special casual leave and special long leave, etc (GovHK, n.d.). This measure will be through the height of the working environment and working arrangements to facilitate employees in taking care of family needs, such as the five-day working week, flexible work time and family-based work, and so on. The other hand will provide support to families, including child care services, counselling services, child custody etc. A Research Report prepared by the Department of Applied Social Sciences of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University is named â€Å"Family-Friendly Workplace† noted that Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed with implementing â€Å"family-friendly† policies. (Poly U, 2002) Family-friendly policies can also bring much benefits to company. In a supportive working environment, staffs will feel they are valued and employer will gain the benefit. Firstly, employer can reduce staff turnover and retain potential employee. On the other hand, many people were convinced that employees working flexible hours were more productive than those working traditional hours. This measure in addition to motivate employees, increase productivity, but also improved reputation and corporate image, therefore there are many large enterprises are involved in the implementation of these measures. In view of this, government and enterprises were organized a variety of measures and activities promoting family-friendly policies. The booklet prepared by the Labour Departments album â€Å"Good people management Family-Friendly Employment Practices† (labour.gov.hk, n.d.). Through a variety of good measures taken by the employer, may learn to provide for all instances. Research on Family-friendly Employment Policies and Practices in Hong Kong from The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and the Womens Commission (WoC) (EOC 2006). They hope that through this survey, a better understanding in Hong Kong, companies or institutions can help employees balance their work and family roles provides programme needs. A Family-Friendly Employers Award Scheme 2011 was organised by the Family Council. The award scheme aims to give recognition to employers who attach importance to the spirit of family-friendliness (gov.hk, 2011). Through these activities, to undertake a study, to understand the profile of Hong Kong families, and building partnerships with Government, business and professional sectors, actively promote the industry cares family In this essay, I Have attempted to present suggest to implementation of family-friendly policies on families, or employers both have many favorable factors, together with the Hong Kong Government and the enterprises efforts, this measure would allow employers and employees there will be a win-win situation.

Concept Of Maximising Shareholder Wealth And Competing Theories Finance Essay

Concept Of Maximising Shareholder Wealth And Competing Theories Finance Essay Maximizing share holder wealth is a concept in which optimally increasing the long-term value of the firm is emphasized. Milton Friedman recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences is often quoted as saying The business of business is business He actually did say there is one and only one social responsibility of business-to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. Friedman used the term profits, rather than shareholder wealth but the two are often seen as interchangeable. Not only is this not true, there is an increasing body of opinion that views the prime motive of maximizing shareholder wealth as deeply flawed. In the history accounting and finance, it is assumed that the objective of the business is to maximize the value of a company. Put simply, this means that the managers of a business should create as much wealth as possible for the shareholders. Given this objective, any financing or investment decision that is expected to improve the value of the shareholders stake in the business is acceptable. In short, the objective for managers running a business should be profit maximization both in the short and long-term. Shareholders are deemed as the owners of the business. Their main aim is to increase their wealth, finance managers are employed to achieve this aim. In order to maximise shareholder wealth it would mean Maximising the flow of dividends to shareholders through time there is a long term prospective (Arnold, 2005) Shareholder wealth is a short-term gain, and can be artificially increased without adding any tangible assets or products to the companys rooster. You can, for example, simply lay off an entire short-term unessential department; say Research and Development rather than the shop floor, and the next quarters profits will be increased. But what about the social responsibility of the workers made redundant in order to make share price healthy? That is the fallacy with an unthinking mantra of maximizing. Almost any executive decision, no matter how socially irresponsible or unethical can be justified as intended to increase the stock price. Managers on short term leash might stay at the same point on the demand curve but economize more on resource if they must maximize shareholder wealth. Economizing inputs tend to offset the maximisers reducing output. In an economy with widespread monopoly some firms encouraged to maximize shareholder wealth would primarily encourage while others shoul d slash production and reduce allocative efficiency one cannot predict which effect would dominate. Traditional theory suggests that the key aim of any business is to generate the greatest possible value for the company, leading to the maximum possible return for shareholders. As Ian Davies argues, this so-called Shareholder Theory is based on the idea that the ultimate aim of a company is to generate profit and pass this profit, along with any associated value, on to the shareholders who took the risk of purchasing those shares in the first place (Davies, 2007); furthermore, any approach that minimises the companys outgoings will, in theory, contribute to the growth of the asset-value of the company and therefore to the ultimate return to shareholders. Within the concept of Shareholder Theory, there is technically no limit to the methods that might be used in order to maximise shareholder wealth. One of the most commonly used methods, according to Jill H. Ellsworth and Matthew V. Ellsworth, is strategies for the reduction of tax liabilities, in other words reducing the amount of tax paid in order to increase the amount of money that can be paid out as dividends to shareholders (Ellsworth Ellsworth, 2007 ed., p. 58). However, arguably, this theory is overly simplistic: for example, while one strategy might generate greater short-term wealth for shareholders, a less obvious strategy might, in the longer-term, generate far greater wealth. For example, while a company could use surplus profits in order to increase the dividend, it could also use them to invest in projects that could yield far greater gains in the future. This, in turn, could increase the overall share price. This approach highlights an important problem: not all share holders are the same, and while some are willing to wait for the longer-term results, others are after short term gain. There is no guarantee that both can be satisfied by the same approach. COMPETING THEORIES Other theories for example Stakeholder theory asserts that managers should make decisions that take into account the interests of all stakeholders of the firm. Such stakeholders include not only financial claimholders but also employees, managers, customers, suppliers, local communities, government, and others. Thus, stakeholder theory involves trying to maximize multiple objectives. Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses on owners and is a single-valued objective. This does not mean that corporate managers should disregard stakeholders other than owners. On the contrary, they need to be aware of the needs, wants, and interests of these other constituencies, but the owners come first. Although Shareholder Theory has been the dominant approach for many years, the new Stakeholder Theory is gaining ground. This theory suggests that Shareholder Theory is merely one part of the overall strategy that should be employed, with the others including such relatively unfixed concepts as earnings per share, employee satisfaction and environmental protection. Andy Coulson-Thomas argues that Stakeholder Theory is based on the idea that a business is an organic creature that will produce better results for everyone if holistically managed and, overall, led towards a situation in which every aspect of the company is performing well (Worthington et al., 2008, p. 147). This is clearly not a short-term theory, and one again illustrates the dramatic divide between the aims of different shareholders. However, Stakeholder Theory does have one major advantage, which is that it allows a more organic, cross-company angle to be applied, one which allows for stable long-term growth at the ex pense, perhaps, of short-term profit and wealth maximisation. Its also important to consider the size of the company and its location. Size affects such matters as taxation liability and economy of scale, and there are dramatically different rules when it comes to larger corporate entities. Although generalisations are dangerous, its true to say that smaller companies face less legislation in terms of moves to prevent tax avoidance etc., although to compensate for these larger companies often employ legal teams to address such issues. Davies argues that this balances out leading to virtual parity in terms of how companies of different sizes deal with taxation (and) they end up paying virtually the same rates, albeit from very different starting points (Davies, 2007, p. 37). Its also possible to relocate the companys base to a state with little or no corporate income tax, or where potential lawsuits are far more likely to be resolved in the companys favour. This may generate subsequent problems for shareholders, however, since their profits will be considered to be coming from abroad and may therefore be subject to additional taxation. This is an example of what McLaney calls blind strategy (Davies, 2007, p. 6), whereby something that initially seems to be good (for the company) is ultimately bad for the shareholders. In light of the factors above, CEOs of major companies are being urged, to look to other theories of corporate purpose. In this theory, the customer comes first. Perhaps the most notable change of purpose, as advocated by Richard Ellsworth and Ian Davies, is to change corporate focus from the shareholder to the customer. For example, in his book Leading with purpose Ellsworth offers statistics, drawn from a study of 23 companies that show those businesses that were mostly customer-focused exceeded their industries median performance by 36 per cent. But what does focusing on the customer mean? Isnt it something that successful businesses have always done? Yes and no. In his book, The New Business Road Test John W. Mullins defines customer focus as a corporations ability to resolve customers pain. Mullins then goes on to highlight the case of Nike who impacted on the sports shoe market by designing shoes that met the specific speed and endurance needs of distance runners. In 1972, eight years after Nike (then known as Blue Ribbon Sports) was formed, four of the top seben finishers in the Olympic marathon wore Nike shoes. Two decades later, afte r many years of strong growth, Nike targeted women, for whom its products seemed to hold limited appeal. Nikes researchers found that for active women, clothes had to perform a double-duty, handle an intense workout and look good on the street. Nike turned their research iinto new product lines and in 2005 their combined womens business grew by almost 20% outpacing even the companies overall growth. But away from Mullins, Naomi Kliens book, No Logo, shows there is more to Nikes corporate purpose than target markets. Klien points out that Nike is also probably the most famous case of western companies using sweatshop labour a scandal that was bought to national USA attention in 1995-96 and has dogged the company ever since. The question is this: how do we interpret Nikes repeated attempts to change unethical working practices at its various sites around the world? What do we say about the introduction of schools, donations and increased wages it has given out to workers it previously exploited? Can they be seen as cynical attempts by a panicked business to maintain shareholder value, or genuine efforts to resolve their customers moral pain? Nikes efforts at ethical working practices brings me to CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSR has become the basis on what organisations do well. There are several studies as to what CSR is, several researchers (Friedman, Rudolf, Davis etc.) have given their own definitions, the World Business Council has defined it as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families, as well as of the local community and society at large. (Source: Xrefer, definition of Corporate Social Responsibility) Companies usually implement CSR into their policies and practices so the effects of their activities have a positive social, environmental, legal and economic impact on the communities in which they operate and on their stakeholders. Some organisations behave more socially responsibility because it is an obligation by the managerial board, but also because of fear of backlash from environmentalist and consumer pressure groups and the media, and negative corporate image. It has been argued that behaving in a more socially responsibility manner can be beneficial to an organisation in the long run. A good example of an ethical organisation is the Body Shop. The Body Shop was founded by Anita Roddick in 1976, and has achieved worldwide status for being profitable and socially responsible, which proved that an organisation can be ethical and successful and reward shareholders and satisfy stakeholders at the same time. It has achieved worldwide popularity due its ethical practices, famously recognised for being against animal testing and promoting cosmetic products that have not been tested on animals, . They had a business case to provide body care products that have not been tested on animals and their business case just provides further support that an organisation can be profitable whilst being ethical. SHAREHOLDER WEALTH CRITICISM Another difficulty with Shareholder Theory is that aspects of wealth growth, most notably those related to tax, are increasingly complex and require a variety of forensic-level approaches that are often impossible for a large corporation to undertake. For example, some shareholders might benefit from a corporation-based tax reduction strategy, while others might be better off utilising their own such systems. Its impossible to tell which system will suit which shareholder, and its also impossible to mix the two systems. There is therefore a fundamental need to balance competing needs and, often, to find a balance that generates the best average result for shareholders. To compensate for such problems, companies can help their shareholders to form their own corporation designed to either own stock or to act as consultants (mainly for smaller companies). A. McNeil notes that such tactics are likely to appeal only to shareholders who are more proactive in their involvement in the company, whereas research shows that over three quarters of shareholders prefer a far more passive involvement (McNeil, 2007, p. 85). Furthermore, a number of commentators have argued that such tactics usually offer fewer benefits than they promise on paper, since there must be consideration given to the costs of incorporation and the operation of such a company. Turner and Johnson, for example, argue that the hidden costs in such an operation almost always outweigh the possible benefits (Turner Johnson, 2003, p. 238). Ultimately, the concept of maximising shareholder wealth represents a return to the principle of using a business in order to increase the wealth of individuals. As Andy Coulson-Thomas has suggested, this approach has often been lost in recent years as individuals (instead) work for the greater good of the company, which is often valued more highly than the wealth of the shareholders (Worthington et al., 2008, p. 58). Its clear that attempts to focus on the maximisation of shareholder wealth often involve increased complexity and, as a result, present a number of potential points at which profit can be lost. There are a number of conflicting theories in terms of which approach might be best when it comes to maximising shareholder wealth, but its clear that the most fundamental problem is that shareholders often have different, and in many cases competing, aims the key difference is in terms of how quickly they want to see a profit, and the needs of short-term profit-seekers are like ly to contradict the needs of those seeking a longer-term profit generation system. There is even the problem with the stock price itself as illustrated in my third paragraph above. It simply isnt always in management control. Again, as we have seen recently, share value largely depends on the confidence the market has in a corporation or the sector that the corporation operates in. as confidence in the banking sector has recently plummeted, even organizations with a healthy balance sheet have seen their share prices tumble. Consider the monopolist in a nation that denigrates shareholder wealth maximization and has rules and norms that discourage lay-offs. Employees cannot easily be laid off. Their jobs cannot be radically reconfigured without their consent. As such, the monopolist might not cut production and raise prices further, despite the shareholder-wealth-maximization basis for doing so, because it must pay the employees anyway if labor markets are rigid and if it cannot costlessly redeploy its workforce. In such circumstances, not only are the employees with jobs protected, but national wealth is increased (or at least not decreased) by slack agency controls on managers. A weak shareholder primacy norm facilitates greater production. I would say there is the problem of the shareholders themselves. These are not necessarily long-term investors with the interests of the company at heart, but transient individuals, some of whom, as we have seen lately, may actually look to make money out of a business by betting on the share price going down .i.e. taking the fall of shareholders like Conrad Black and Bernard Madoff. As per tutor2u,  Managers of a business should create as much wealth as possible for the shareholders. Given this objective, any financing or investment decision that is expected to improve the value of the shareholders stake in the business is acceptable. This is based on the assumption that managers operate in the best interests of stockholders, not themselves, and do not attempt to expropriate wealth from lenders to benefit stockholders. Another assumption is that managers act in a socially responsible manner and do not create unreasonable costs to society in pursuit of stockholder wealth maximization.  Ã‚  (Blackwell publishing, 2009) Wealth maximization is achieved by maximization of the cash flows of the organization.  Ã‚  Cash flow is a better yardstick than the profits. There are several objections against the profit maximization: One it is vague; there are multiple meanings of Profit.  Ã‚  For example profit after tax, retained earnings. Thus profits cannot be the ultimate goal. Two it is uncertain; as per Freemba, Profit cannot be ascertained well in advance to express the probability of return as future is uncertain. It is not at possible to maximize what cannot be known. Hence the timing of the profit cant be estimated. Three it ignores time value of money; Profits ignore the time value of money which is not in the case of cash flows. One can exactly find the timing of cash flows. Hence cash flow is a better measure. CONCLUSION Despite its advantages of greatly simplifying directors decision making we should discard the fictional undiversified shareholder concept for two reasons. First, it is highly unrealistic, more so than the other alternatives here considered. Second, it is indeterminate as to the degree of risk-aversion that should be ascribed to this fictional shareholder, and this degree of freedom completely undercuts ability of the shareholder wealth maximization norm to constrain director conduct. The  goal of Maximization of profits I think to be a narrow outlook. Evidently when profit maximization becomes the basis of financial decisions of the concern, it ignores the interests of the community on the one hand and that of the government, workers and other concerned persons in the enterprise on the other hand. Hence profit maximization is not considered as the ultimate financial objective. Wealth maximization is considered to be the most important financial objective Organization should also consider non financial objectives too to satisfy the other stakeholders of the organization. Stakeholder can be a person, group, organization, or system who affects or can be affected by an organizations actions. This means satisfying the objectives of customers, suppliers, government agencies, families of employees, special interest groups.  This will help in achieving the success in long term too. Ultimately, the concept of maximising shareholder wealth represents a return to the principle of using a business in order to increase the wealth of individuals.This approach has often been lost in recent years as individuals work for the greater good of the company, which is often valued more highly than the wealth of the shareholders Its clear that attempts to focus on the maximisation of shareholder wealth often involve increased complexity and, as a result, present a number of potential points at which profit can be lost. There are a number of conflicting theories in terms of which approach might be best when it comes to maximising shareholder wealth, but its clear that the most fundamental problem is that shareholders often have different, and in many cases competing, aims the key difference is in terms of how quickly they want to see a profit, and the needs of short-term profit-seekers are likely to contradict the needs of those seeking a longer term profit generation system I also conclude that from above highlights it shows just how complex and interlinked all the financial and psychological aspects of business are. It is no longer enough (if it ever was) for businesses to concentrate soley on their shareholders. In the current climate of a credit crunch fuelled by a potent mix of incompetence and greed, with business ethics under scrutiny like never before, the customer is all of us. And the pain we need resolving is not just economic, but social and environmental as well if corporation investment decisions are best pursued through the use of a fictional shareholder concept, rather than through attempts by directors to ascertain and satisfy to the extent possible the conflicting preferences of their corporations actual shareholders and perhaps other stakeholders as well then the fictional diversified shareholder concept, despite its significant implementation difficulties, is the preferred alternative among those here considered. .

Innovation At Bajaj Automobile

Innovation At Bajaj Automobile Bajaj Group was established in 1926 by Jamnalal Bajaj is among the 10 business organizations in India, currently consists of 27 companies. Its footprint across a wide range of industry sectors, including automobiles (two-wheelers and three-wheelers), lighting, appliances, iron and steel, insurance, travel and financial. In 1945, Jamnalal Bajaj has formed a Limited, the Flagship Company of M / s Bachraj trading company private, selling imported two-wheelers and tricycles. By 1977, the companys factory launched the 100,000 vehicles in a single year. Another nine years, Bajaj Auto 500,000 a year. In 1994-95, Bajaj racing beat Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki international two-wheelers segments. The 1997 Bajaj in the domestic market is facing intense competition, its market share to 40.5%. Bajaj venturing into new markets and expand its product portfolio, from one brand to multi. Bajaj as a brand is well known in many countries of Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bajaj Auto is listed as the worlds fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and continues to be Indias largest exporter of two and three-wheelers. Vision- To achieve world-class excellence to demonstrate the value add the product to the customer Mission- Focus on the manufacture of value-based Continuous improvement Total removal of the waste Safe environment pollution free Objective Bajaj is provided in order to cater to the market of two-wheelers and three wheelers transport Bajaj require continuous improvements in existing products based on customer feedback Goal- Bajajs goal is to catapult as Bajaj Auto, the countrys largest car company Bajaj achievements in last three years: Bajaj Auto Achieved company of the year by Economic times award in 2010-11 2011-12, has been the companys best ever year, The company recorded the highest sales, export, and operating profit Bajaj is come from world fourth to world third highest motorcycles manufacturing FY 2012 Bajaj sales3.83 million motorcycle in India and abroad. Bajajs net sales and other operating income rose more than 19% to Rs 19808 crore Bajaj joint venture of Bajaj-KTM lunched Duke 200c Motorcycle in India Bajaj lunched Pulsar 200NS with DTS-i technology, from twin-spark two-valve has evolved to four-valve triple-spark. Bajaj innovation with its three wheelers product RE60 with four wheel auto Bajaj recant outstanding innovation: In 2012, Bajaj come with two products Bajaj lunched Pulsar 200NS This is a completely new engine and vehicle platforms have been designed to carry forward the legacy of Pulsar, Bajaj Auto brand of the most successful in the last decade. It has been designed to enhance and sharpen the image of sports brands. Pulsar 200 NS powered by a high performance 4-valve liquid-cooled engine with spark ignition triple, delivering 23.5 Ps, with a six-speed gearbox Bajaj joint venture of Bajaj-KTM lunched Duke 200c Motorcycle in India This model extends the new platform designed engines and vehicles together by Bajaj and KTM from 125 cc to 200 cc. Unlike the KTM 125, this model aims to market India as well as Europe. KTM 200 is powered by a high performance 4-valve engine is liquid cooled fuel injection delivers 25 ps, with a six-speed gearbox. It is equipped with state of the art features such as radial calipers for the front disc brakes, inverted front forks, cast aluminum swing arm and radial tires on both front and back. http://arunkottolli.blogspot.sg/2012/01/bajaj-innovates-with-re60.html http://www.asianage.com/taxonomy/term/1685%2B1686%2B1687%2B1684 http://www.automobileindia.com/news/duke-200c-motorcycle-joint-venture-of-bajaj-ktm-to-be-launched-at-auto-expo-next-year.html http://www.bajajmotors.com/profile.html#5 http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL-AR-2009-10.pdf Have Bajaj Make profit and why? Last five years financial data From above chart depicts that Bajaj Company is in a position to earn profit. In chart the income and profit is growing the come is grown by 19% to 19808 crore in Indian currency. Bajaj is well-known brand in India. Bajaj is present in more than 50 countries around the world in Africa, Latin America and South Asias dominance, market share is increasing every year Bajaj is market leader in motorcycle segment in Central America, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya. In 2009-10, company export of 891,002 units, an increase of more than 15% over the previous year. In 2009-10 Motorcycle total exports are 726,115, growth of 15%, compared to 2008-09. Bajaj is world tried highest manufacturing of motorcycle Bajaj has verity range of products for upper level class to lower level class, Bajaj always provide what the customer needs. Bajaj products give low fuel efficacy at affordable price with design and power engine to customers. http://www.bajajauto.com/global_bajaj.asp http://www.bajajauto.com/report/bal-2012-for-web.pdf http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL_AR_2010-11.pdf http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL-AR-2009-10.pdf Company Success: Bajaj Auto Ltd. has been focused on competitive prices to provide the best class model. Company has been a pioneer in the stretch to enter the competition to provide the latest feature updates the latest features, such as disk brakes, anti-skid technology and dual suspension at low price bikes price segment. Since 2000, Bajaj Auto has experienced several overlapping transition process. First, the company is able to create and perform basic processes of change in product and design it looks on the market in the engineering design and manufacturing, and a mind-set change in the organization. As a result, company has been the front-line player in the two-wheeled vehicle industry since then. Bajaj is a brand to create, to inspire confidence in all customers. Inspire confidence became the subject of Bajaj Auto, in fact, has made great achievements. In just three years, a number of exciting new models unveiled to meet the needs of different market segments, product innovation to come to the fore, and has the dominant position in the high-end market order which means Bajaj Auto, while the other players is also a tough game, even in other areas of the motorcycle market. Then the next stage of Bajaj success Distinctly Ahead, This is symbolic, because it, Bajaj Auto, litigation and products should be the obvious leading the competition. According to one of the senior officials from the company, To be ahead is important; but to be distinctly ahead even more so. Being innovative in project initiatives was the mantra to this strategy and Bajaj excelled in it. The innovative campaigns of Distinctly Ahead took the companys gross sales from Rs.47.4 billion in 2002-03 to over Rs.106 billion in 2006-07 a growth of 124 per cent in four year Why it necessary for Bajaj Auto to employ innovation into company Why innovation is so important : For economic growth in Bajaj Auto innovation is necessary. Innovation is the path to economic growth. Industry is growing. Products are growing. Meet the needs of the market, a new product, process or service innovation is the creation of new knowledge and change. Therefore, the innovation of companies and industries, create new businesses and the growth of the primary source. For the progression of human well-being in Bajaj, innovation takes important part and creates new businesses. At the same time, new businesses can create new jobs. Create a new job for obvious reasons, personal income, and the human health and well-being for individuals to achieve all offers. For competitive advantage, innovation is so important for Bajaj. Today market is full with competitors and among them if Bajaj want to lead to market he have to adopt innovation in company For taking advantage of opportunities, innovation is necessary. Innovation help Bajaj to get advantage for new technology and use opportunities to be lead in market For batter revenue, Innovation is itself one kind of investment. Its like you invest one time in innovation and its well give you back company investment for many years. E.g. innovation increase your seals, seals increase your production, production increase you profits. For business survivals, in todays market competition innovation is like survivals for company. With innovation Bajaj can give fight to his competitors in market. Today the technology is change so speedily and if Bajaj want to go with market company have to adopt innovation Market is changing very fast company have to come out with new product with replace of old product so it can attract the new customers Now the market is growing and growing, customers have too many selection and in this situation, company should understand the customers need and give then what they want with their value for money Best innovations can reduce costs and increase efficiency, good after applying innovations, the company can do more with less financial pressure to release http://www.aca.cloverpad.org/Resources/Documents/Cohen-TOP%2010%20Reasons%20Why%20We%20Need%20INNOVATION.pdf Benefits with innovation Leader in market: today there are so many competitors in market in all segment, innovation help company to become market leader with its innovative product E.g. Bajaj premium product pulsar help Discover make Baja leader in India market Reduces cost: innovation help in reduced cost in manufacturing and process. Innovation gives more with less. E.g. Bajaj TPM (total productive maintenance) police help Bajaj to process more in same time then before. Fulfill customers need: customer is king of market. Company success is depending on customer. With the help of innovation company provide customer new technology with power and style E.g.: Bajaj understand the market need and produces what customer need like Bajaj products are law fuel efficiency with power and style at affordable price and Bajaj has large number of product for each segment like Bajaj Pulsar is for younger and bike lover and Bajaj Discover is for targeting the age of 30 to 50 and Bajaj also have Kristal for woman Creating Brand: innovation help company to create spared brand image in market in all competitors and being monopoly for company E.g.: Bajaj Innovation DTS-I engine give Bajaj monopoly in low fuel efficiency engine with two spark plugs instant of one. Bajaj launched with Bajaj premium product pulsar in 2002 to give competition in market. Today in India market Bajaj Pulsar is hot in demand. Bajaj with DTS-I engine provide low fuel efficiency with style and pickup. What type of innovation has been deployed in Bajaj and challenges when deployment of Innovation Following are the successful innovation done by Bajaj Auto Ltd: Product Innovation: Pulsar Bajaj has managed to bring new products to market, which is valued by customers. The most innovative and successful offers from Bajaj Pulsar version happens in contributing to sales of Bajaj controls. The back bone of Bajajs success since its launch pulsar .It was launched in 2001, following the success of Hero Honda CBZ, a bicycle performance. Each year has seen innovations were made in version Pulsar bikes ranging from body basic engine. 2003- Developing DTS-i (Digital Twin Spark Ignition) technology 2004- with addition of Alloy wheels in stand of the convention spike wheels and the head lamp featuring a hood 2005- Increased fuel tank capacity, bigger allow wheels 2006-add self cancelling turn indicators, twin-stripe LED tail-light assembly and whole new look body 2007 lunched pulsar 220 DTS-Fi (Digital twin spark fuel Injection) 2009-Go one more step ahead and lunched pulsar 180 CC model with twin variable in wide and spilt seals 2012- Pulsar 200 NS lunched with combustion system triple spark Process Innovation DTS-i Bajaj is based on a common platform i.e. assembly line for most of its products that help company to be economical, both in terms of time and cost. It also has a set of common components, including component DTS-i engine because most of Bajaj bikes are equipped with the patented technology. Quantitative changes common engine allows the production of engines ranging from 150 cc to 220 cc for Pulsar variants, creating distinctive enough between vehicles while gaining efficiency advantages. With the dynamics in the market, Bajaj has restructured products, channels and project .Bajaj management system is one among influential bike manufacturers in the Asian market and since the company has tasted success in a pilot project in some other parts of the world. JIT In addition to the uniqueness of the Portfolio Management has been discussed in the previous section, the company is also believed to be in the way Toyota manufacturing for the premium segment bikes. All variants under the premium segment Made-to-order, involving Lean manufacturing and inventory Just-in-Time. This means that there is an optimal use of resources to reduce waste levels and demand-supply match better. Although, customers had to wait a bit longer for this type of ordinary people, lead time maintained from a healthy distribution network provided by both Bajaj outsourced logistics services and exclusive. Marketing Innovation Supply chain Bajaj has been linked to 380 from 483 dealers through mySAP eEnterprise Portal which was performed concurrently with the R / 3 SAP during ERP which enables a seamless flow of information throughout the business chain. Approximately 165 of the total 200 providers connected through this portal to improve information sharing. All those involved in the supply chain to get up-to-date information on all business transactions that assist in streamlining supply chain operations for greater efficiency. Bajaj has a collaborative network planning. All activities required and the relationship among partners is clear to the development and growth of each project can be implied from the presence of global delivery Bajaj. Network A total restructuring was made on retail network, to allow multiple sales channels. Bajaj started a project to completely redesign the companys retail network, and create more sales channels. The company began creating separate sales channels for each segment of its business. According to company sources, the restructuring is said to involve separate networks offers catering to urban and rural markets and its three-wheeler and premium bike segment. Bajaj Auto also plans to set up an independent network of rural dealers. Brand Brand to correspond promise or trust company owns and Baja was able to build a strong brand that resonates in the mind of every customer. In 2001, Baja, marked its foray into domestic partnership Allianz insurance and eventually received a goodwill payment of INR 45 crores from the German company to use its brand due to the influence hefty Bajaj Indian market. Bajaj Pulsar brand continues to be a success story for Baja. Advertising company goal is to promote word-of-mouth advertising through innovative approaches. Pulsar Mania, a partnership with MTV stunt show Stunt Mania is an example. Bajaj brand is easily recognized throughout India and some other Asian markets where Bajaj has presence. The logo mark with his name written next to the initial B was recently changed to a new font attractive. Ideally, every company wants to be innovative in all sizes, but only a few companies such as Bajaj is a combination of these dimensions. The challenges for innovation Innovation is very important as well as necessary for company to surviving in competition market. For come with innovation company has to face so many challenges. Here some challenges faced by Bajaj Company RD strategy: During the process of new product innovation in Bajaj, the biggest challenge of uncertainty products. Although the RD department has trying best to coming up with new products that can meet the demands and needs of customers. Still there is a chance that the new product will not be welcomed by customers. Uncertainty whether the new product will be accepted by the majority of customers is quite a change for the company to deal with. Another challenge of launching new products is increasing R D costs. When Bajaj decide how innovation will launch a new product, it is necessary to invest large amounts of money to the R D of new products before a new product can bring any profit. Lack of funding: for bring new innovation in company, company need big amount good innovation not come in small amount. At the time of innovation Bajaj need strong financial. Competing competitor: when Bajaj come with new product in market, the success of that product depend on customers need the best example of this is Bajaj innovation product Pulsar is so popular in market while Bajaj Kristal is not get success in market. Change industry stature: while Bajaj come with innovation in management process with TPM (total productive maintenance) Bajaj has to change its whole management stature. Collaboration with other company: collaboration with other company can combine the advantages of both companies, but it will also bring a number of issues, such as loss of autonomy and some conflict. The two companies are responsible for the new organization. States that are not strong and tough enough may lose autonomy in the new joint venture. And sometimes, the two companies are from different countries. There will be a number of cultural conflicts arising from incompatible objectives and not only between levels of management, but also work together that works for different companies before complementary strategic alliances. Evaluate how innovations have changed Bajaj and lead it to todays success DTS-i engine: In the early days, it was the bike fuel efficient and smaller segments that hold shares of Indias leading two-wheeler market. No premium segment of any indication to the launch and success of Hero Honda CBZ in 1999, which informed the huge demand for performance motorcycles. Not later Bajaj took the cue and launched the all new variant in the premium segment, Pulsar in 2001s. The project has been successful since its launch because it gives new life to the performance segment. Although not a pioneer, Pulsar make a performance segment the fastest growing segment in the two-wheeler market with some variants of Pulsar DTS-i and the Avenger DTS-i, Bajaj Auto has the dominating (61%) in this segment. Since variant of Pulsar was launched, following years saw the grading occurs with sportier look. Furthermore, the USP of this model is DTS-I. When normally every bike manufacturer has content with conventional spark plug ignition, Bajaj came with innovative ideas introduced in place of the tw o sparkplugs. DTS-I provides an efficient fuel combustion and better performance in all conditions, with twin spark plugs and 8 bit microprocessor chip. Two sparkplugs means more ignition resulting in increased combustion thereby reducing losses. It is a pilot launch eventually turned out to be a success. An initiative, including new variants such as the Pulsar 200 DTS-i and Pulsar DTS-Fi (fuel injection), which comes with more upgrades and has been well received in the market. Unique features such as fixed projector fairing, clip on handle bars and rear disc brakes, diagnostic functions, digital indicator, high rigidity frame and high performance front and back suspension system makes this model a benchmark for other players. After 4 years of amazing success with Pulsar 200, Bajaj stopped production yet and focused more on variant of Pulsar 220 and Pulsar 135 also brought about recently. Another important step by the company is in the matching market demand, the company has also in troduced crystal-an automatic scooter with many convenience features, along with excellent fuel efficiency DTS-i engine, a first segmented across the Indian market. Distinctly Ahead captions not merely since Bajaj believe in the importance of a clear future. In line with this, an initiative in the field of IT has undertaken to supply just in Time (JIT) and inventory which means make-to-order for a specific segment. The entire system is these vendors networked by a single LAN, enabling efficient information flow. Supplies were triggered by E-Kanban, and stock levels are determined by the number of vehicles and engines produced as a single request. This makes it more outsourcing vendor managed inventory (only similar and not actual outsourcing) so that we can concentrate on our core business. Innovation in Management Bajaj Auto management innovation make separating from other companies is the way they maintain a well-balanced product portfolio of the following strategies cannibalization. Cannibalization outsiders shelf product to replace it with another product. Although most firms off the shelf product for two main reasons: One is when the product is in production fails to meet expected revenue and earnings and the second when the product reached its saturation point and can no longer continue, Bajaj believes in determining the lifetime of some variants of itself outer shelf variants thus well before the saturation level. In the case of Pulsar variants that have become the backbone of Bajaj since its launch in 2000, Pulsar 200 satisfy specific market segment performance as the bike has recently been postponed although it has raised predictable profits. This was made to capture market share and grow the market Pulsar 200 Pulsar 220. Resource companies believe that the company is able to achieve w hat they wanted. To be innovative organization must favor the interaction, networking, permanent comings and circumstances, all kinds of negotiations that allow for rapid adaptation and this is all that is present in fertilizers has made it possible to be an innovative organization. In Product Portfolio Management, the first step is to create a product strategy, the next is to allocate the resources needed for the project and finally assess the risk-return projects. Bajaj involve end users in product strategy and thus make a more affirmative marketing research. Costumers were asked to participate in surveys. This brought in more ideas for the company on what the market expects in reality from being conventional. Therefore, the company can use mapping techniques to find the right model for new launches and it goes again. Product portfolio can be brought into a balanced flow, with a strong and innovative concept that is unique in the new Bajaj. In order to capture the lost market entr y in the bike segment, the company launched 100cc Discover 135cc Pulsar in the second and third quarter of 2010 after closing the production of Pulsar 200. According to a recent annual press meet, Mr. Bajaj, Chairman Baja was quoted as saying, We have reinvented our marketing strategy and this was confirmed by the growth in market share thanks to Pulsar and Discover. The key lies in specialization especially when it means addressing a bigger market. Company is believed to have added that refined product portfolio to accommodate more space for bikes that allows the scooter to make way. At the exit scooter segment and about cannibalization strategy he has said Sacrifice is an important part of strategy and is essential for success. Consequently, we had to make way scooters for motorcycles. And further, to have a diversified portfolio, the company has put each variant to a specific market; Search for commuter segment and Pulsar for performance segment.An effective strategy was finally about strong brand positioning at the front-end while keeping things simpler at the back-end comprising design, manufacturing and development. This emphasizes the efficiency of manufacturing facilities have similarities in the assembly line and lead user involvement alone while they design products.

Advancement Of Women Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the international community, women have been a primary focus of the United Nations due to their importance to the economic and social balance in a country. The advancement of women is a vital issue concerning the world as the new millenium begins. Although the international community views women with high regard and of the utmost respect, ancient traditions, one sided beliefs, and false stereotypical propaganda, which demean and belittle women are existent in the world today. Historically, women have been victims of inequality and abusive practices, and due to this, many women never reach their full potential in the economic world. First, the primary root that hinders the progress of women is the inferiority complex at an early age. In document UN/ CRC/ 531, analyzed through UNICEF, an estimated 25% of the world’s children (developing world) are in the web of child labor. To add to this, nearly 70% of all girl/female laborers go unregistered, often performing acts of prostitution and strenuous domestic housework. This form of unregistered work is dangerous to young girls because the employers often abuse their employees sexually and physically, as well as psychologically scarring them for years. This alarming fact can be attributed to the inequality of education given to young girls. At an early age, many girls are taught to be inferior to their male counterparts, both mentally and physically. Currently, 75% of all the world’s illiterates are wom... Advancement Of Women Essay -- essays research papers Throughout the international community, women have been a primary focus of the United Nations due to their importance to the economic and social balance in a country. The advancement of women is a vital issue concerning the world as the new millenium begins. Although the international community views women with high regard and of the utmost respect, ancient traditions, one sided beliefs, and false stereotypical propaganda, which demean and belittle women are existent in the world today. Historically, women have been victims of inequality and abusive practices, and due to this, many women never reach their full potential in the economic world. First, the primary root that hinders the progress of women is the inferiority complex at an early age. In document UN/ CRC/ 531, analyzed through UNICEF, an estimated 25% of the world’s children (developing world) are in the web of child labor. To add to this, nearly 70% of all girl/female laborers go unregistered, often performing acts of prostitution and strenuous domestic housework. This form of unregistered work is dangerous to young girls because the employers often abuse their employees sexually and physically, as well as psychologically scarring them for years. This alarming fact can be attributed to the inequality of education given to young girls. At an early age, many girls are taught to be inferior to their male counterparts, both mentally and physically. Currently, 75% of all the world’s illiterates are wom...

Technological Advancement is Natural Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Technological Advancement is Natural As we enter the twenty-first century, it is clear that many things about our method of interacting with our environment are different than in previous centuries, and that, in fact, the very philosophy of the man-nature interaction may change again. Some look forward to these changes. Others are fearful or condemnatory. In many cases, people implicitly or explicitly argue that certain technologies are unnatural. They claim that while certain technologies may be useful, other technologies represent a form of Nature manipulation and this that tinkering is unwise. Since this argument may appear in many places, it is important to critically analyze it. I feel that this argument is the arbitrary reaction of one philosophy against another, and does not by itself prove anything. Examining perceptions of the natural from history and certain exemplary situations, along with modern thinking on the subject, may illuminate the deeper issues that lie behind this argument. Aboriginal humanity seems to have had various religious systems designated broadly as "nature-worship". Objects in nature, places, and the spirits of friends or relatives (living or dead) were to be worshiped, feared, and appeased. For instance, a native American might leave an offering to the soul of a deer he had hunted. Other societies would gather in groves or caves to celebrate religious ceremonies. In agrarian and feudal societies, more complex and technical religious systems were developed. They might be designated "Polytheism", "Monotheism", and "Universalism". For the purposes of this discussion, let us define these terms as follows: Monotheism identifies exactly one transcendent supernatural being, who, by his own nat... ...nded tones of fear of the alien and suspicion of the mixed." I also worry that, in the debates over modern technology, many people fear change and use the word "unnatural", as well as others, to draw unwarranted assumptions into the debate. There are cases where "tinkering" with nature can have major unintended consequence, just as a man manipulating the works at a hydroelectric dam could cause a flood in the valley below. However, these consequences arise not because it is evil to play with nature but because Nature herself is both extremely powerful and morally neutral. Man has always tried to subdue Nature and hold her at bay. This becomes easier as we understand her better, so I claim that technology is perfectly natural. Work Cited Holy Bible. Authorized King James Version. Ed. C.I. Scofield. New Scofield Reference Edition. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.

Male Infertility A Summary Health And Social Care Essay

Approximately 15 of twosomes dont win in bring forthing a gestation despite regular attempts, over the class of a twelvemonth, of unprotected sexual activity.1 A male physiological status issue is known in some 50 per centum of those instances and is entirely accountable in 20 per centum of all couples.2 Male sterility physiological conditions are attributed to a figure of causes together with minor factors including sex gland toxin secernment disfunction, bodily upsets, varicoceles, male generative secretory organ failure, ejaculatory upsets, and physiological conditions.3 It is critical to descry the cause ( s ) and supply intervention ( s ) if the implicit in issue is correctable. If a selected intervention is non available ; the beginning of the male issue physiological status is n't correctable, alternate picks like assisted reproduction techniques ( ART ) could exist.4 The pharmaceutical chemist plays a important function in separating medicines that contribute to male physiolo gical status, reding the twosome on curative medicines or compounds efficacious to handle physiological status, and advancing healthy life styles that minimize physiological status factors. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth a wide sum-up of the etiology, appraisal, and intervention of male physiological status.Definitions and EpidemiologyThe definition of sterility is considered by and large as the inability to recognize construct despite one twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse.5 Within the USA, approximately eight million twosomes are distressed by this physiological status. For healthy immature twosomes, the likeliness of accomplishing gestation at intervals of one twelvemonth of fertility-focused activity is 84 per centum. Despite progresss within the designation and intervention of this physiological status, the successful gestation per centum remains constant.6 The latest rush in petitions for physiological status defect services has been attributed to a bi gger consciousness of intervention picks ; an improved rate of openness and credence of the physiological status, and a tendency toward delayed sexual activity and older aged parents both of which are ensuing in extra birthrate jobs.Male Regenerative PhysiologyThe testiss are comprised of Leydig, Sertoli, and specific root cells, that are apt for the syntheses of androgenic endocrines. The Sertoli cells line the seminal tubules within the testicles along side function of the Sertoli cells is to bring forth sex cell support, novice and sustain gametogenesis, and supply ordinance for the assembly of androgenic endocrine necessary for gametogenesis.7,8 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis is the primary generative system that regulates endocrinal and sexual perform. The nervous construction is that in the integrative centre for the productive secernment axis, where it secretes gonadotropin-releasing secernment ( GnRH ) , that releases LH ( LH ) and gonadotrophin ( FSH ) from the ductless secretory organ. When the pituitary, ICSH interacts with receptors on the Leydig ‘s cell membrane within the testicles to synthesise and release androgenic follicle- exciting endocrine binds to the Sertoli cellular tissue receptors to get down and continue gametogenesis. Synthesis and gonadotrophins are regulated by system signals from the cardinal systema nervosum.7,8 Human reproduction needs fertilisation consisting the debut of sperm-containing fluids introduced through the female ‘s vagina. Throughout this event, erectile organ hard-on and interjection are parasympathetic activities and the systema nervosum controls erectile public presentation and semen. The sperm tubules, are a tubular web wound inside the testicles and carry organic structure unstable incorporating mature sperm cell to the urethra via the ejaculatory canals and into the vagina. Periurethral musculus contractions expel the organic structure fluid out of the channel and into the productive tract.7,8EtiologyAzoospermia is outlined because the absence of sperm cell within status within the azoospermic male is sub classified as pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Pre-testicular: common etiology than alternate causes of male physiological status, hypogonadotropic incompetency ( HH ) is caused by meager follicle-stimulating endocrine and ICSH secretions.2 These inadequacies end in deficient steroid secernment and gametogenesis. HH will originate non-inheritable GnRH lack, Fe overload, familial upsets, pituitary and nervous construction tumours, secernment to boot, general upsets like chronic illnesss, biological procedure lacks, and fleshiness are known as causes of HH.9 Lack: male generative secretory organ lack, typically stated as non-obstructive azoospermia, is apart from obstructor or HPG disfunction. This category of disfunction are frequently extra divided into male generative secretory organ failure. Non-inheritable failure will attest as abnormalcy, male generative secretory organ asepsis, abnormalcies. Non-heritable male generative secretory organ failure are frequently the consequences of injury, male generative secretory organ tortuosity, factors ( e.g. , medicines, general diseases, varicoceles ) , or surgeries that injury the bodily construction of the testes.3 Sing analysis of the overall male population about 40 per centum of work forces showing with male physiological status have varicoceles.10 Post-testicular Lack: typically stated as auto-preventative azoospermia, post-testicular lack is as a consequence of either ejaculatory obstructor of gamete bringing. This type of male physiological status is a is much less common than non-obstructive azoospermia, happens in about 40 per centum of work forces showing with azoospermia.2 The obstructor will go up from either the vessel deferens, epididymis or blurt out canals and may be familial or acquired.3 Idiopathic Sterility: In 30 to forty per centum of all work forces in the US, the underlying male sterility physiological conditions at issue are frequently unknown.3 These work forces normally have n't any old history of inauspicious result of physical scrutiny or traditional endocrinal research lab analysis. Ejaculate analysis reveals a attenuated assortment of sperm cell, motility, and tonss of unnatural sorts of gamete. These findings normally occur along and are termed oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia syndrome. disquieted male physiological status are frequently attributed to endocrine break as a consequence of environmental pollution, free O groups, or familial abnormalities.3 Medicines and Everyday Factors: Numerous substances are concerned as set uping the cause and impact of medical specialties is troublesome as a consequence of extra unknown factors and minimum sample sizes. Medicine could hold an consequence on male physiological status via uninterrupted sex gland onset toxicity effects, fluctuation of the HPG alliance, loss of interjection, public presentation or both, and alterations in sensed or existent sex drive.11 Recreational and illicit medicine, individually of together with intoxicant, baccy, marihuana, cocaine, and pep pills are on a regular basis cited as causes of both powerlessness and sterility. There are a assortment of medical specialties known as causes of this male physiological status together with psychotherapeutics pharmacologicals such as anti-hypertensives, endocrines, psychotropics, antidepressants, and antibiotics.11,12 Androgenic endocrine replacing is a good knowna common medical etiology of male generative wellness and has a known inauspicious impact on gametogenesis. Man-made vaginal oils or other sexual lubricators are known to suppress gamete motility and lead to either impermanent or lasting sterility. Natural-based lubricators, oil, and vegetable oil deficiency these effects on gamete and should be advocated as alternatives.13 A pharmaceutical chemist will advise the medicine sum-up of patients showing with male sterility male sterility physiological conditions to descry possible drug medical attention causes and graduated table back the necessity for them for farther or extra analysis.EvaluationThe American Urological Association ( AUA ) recommends both spouses of an ab initio sterile twosome receive showing if gestation has non occurred at intervals one twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse. Earlier analysis is lower cost if a known physiological status issue exists or a male has intuitions about his birthrate probabilities.2 A old history of birthrate does non t exclude the likelines s of secondary physiological status. Work force with secondary physiological status are assessed in the same mode as work forces whom have n't initiated gestation. The feminine spouse ought to to boot bear analysis throughout as adult female ‘s generative anatomy is both more complex and capable to greater monthly cyclic fluctuations so males. The basic parts for the analysis of male physiological status embody an in deepness reappraisal of patient history, physical scrutiny, a lower limit of two seeds analyses, and secernment ratings his HPG axis. The patient ‘s past record of issues ( or environmental exposure as a beginning vector ) could find hazard factors and/or behavior forms that have an consequence on birthrate potency. Throughout the physical probe, elaborate attending is given to male secondary gender features. The prostate, scrotal constructions, and testicular constellations are appraised for markers of current or past infections, obstructors, or expansion. The usage of transrectal or external ultrasound, post-ejaculatory chemical analysis, and familial testing, that are obtained on as indicated. Semen analysis is ever warranted as the basic research lab appraisal for the analysis of faulty male physiological conditions.14 It ( laboratory analyses ) are by and large unequivocal sing seeds quality and volume, gamete concentration, motility, and morphology – with low borders of mistake. These consequences are besides compared with mention scopes and used to determine work forces with unnatural seeds parametric quantities whom could have the benefits of ART like in-vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) or intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) . Both of these options may include intracytoplasmic gamete injection ( ICSI ) . Work force with tunremarkable seeds analyses rarely are the beginning of infertility.1TreatmentSome sterile work forces can accomplish medically or surgically successful construct that is come-at-able with early intercession techniques. Treatment relies on the underlying etiology ab initio, so there needs a well-identified beginning ( s ) of the basic sterility issue for right intervention. If a treatable or correctable physiological status issue is known, it ought to be corrected with these acceptable medical or surgical therapies. Work force with incorrigible, untreatable, or unknown etiologies could hold success in ART. ART processs have been employed in the U.S. since the early 1980 ‘s and have radically enhanced birthrate rates. IVF / ICSI is an enhanced signifier of ART desinged to get the better of the most terrible sterile physiological status or azoospermia by shooting one gamete into the living substance of a mature egg. IVF-ICSI could be a intervention possibility for males with azoospermia, giving birth rates matching to those achieved with IVF while non those that are combined with ICSI.15 Azoospermic male generative secretory organ gamete extraction is used to surgically recover gamete which will be useable for IVF-ICSI ; the twosome should be carefully advised on the success rates of gamete harvest home, but it is likewise successful as IVF-ICSI. The hazards related to IVF-ICSI embody sex secretory organ hyper-stimulation syndrome, enlacing or more, perinatal complications, and familial disorders.16 Some twosomes opportunity ART ( an exceptionally expensive process ) while sing pre-analysis by an infertilitycondition specializer ; this is frequently unsafe because some six per centum of work forces evaluated have a important implicit in medical condition.5,17 Pretesticular Lack: Hyperprolactinemia is a serious upset refering the HPA ( hypothalamic-pituitary axis ) and is often mentioned as a sensible cause for HH. Fertility is besides improved by normalising lactogenic endocrine concentrations. Many medicines including Dopastat adversaries, SSRI ‘s ( selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ) , tricyclic anti-depressants, and elevated estrogen interventions may do hyper-prolactinemia and should be ended if possible in this circumstance.18 Dopamine agonists such as cabergoline or bromocriptine are the optimum interventions selected for most patients with hyperprolactinemia.18 Gonadotropins can be used in the intervention of HH with root causes of hypothalamic or pituitary syndromes non connected with hyper-prolactinemia. Human chorionic gonadotrophin ( human chorionic gonadotropin ) has organic actions similar to LH but has a increased half life. Chiefly initiated by itself at 1,500 to 2,000 IU – three times a hebdomad via intramuscular or hypodermic in the thigh or natess for 18 to 24 hebdomads. Then it is titrated at two-week meantimes to derive serum T factor concentrations between 310 and 520 ng/dL. Seminal fluid semen is appraised for spermatogenesis every two to four hebdomads. If sperm concentrations remain deficient after six to twelve months of therapy, the therapy should be supplemented with a FSH readying. Men sing human chorionic gonadotropin must be advised on the possible side effects such as gynecomastia ( hypertrophied chests ) , migraine concerns, and mastalgia ( breast hurting ) .19 FSH is compounded as or recombinant human FSH ( r-hFSH ) or human menopausal gonadotrophin ( hMG ) . Formulations of hMG contain refined, concentrated extracted parts of LH and FSH, while r-hFSH is comprised of merely FSH. hMG is the best pick overall because of comparable efficaciousness and markedly reduced monetary values when matched with r-hFSH. The first dose of hMG is 80 IU delivered at two twenty-four hours intervals and titrated to 160 IU. Though hMG is normally good accepted, concern, mastalgia, and injection site responses are normally described.20 GnRH therapy is an off-label usage for the intervention of HH caused by hypothalamic complaints. When nominal testosterone degrees are realized, the dosage is stabilized ; and testicular capacity and seminal fluid analyses are made every month. Problems such as haematoma, phlebitis and infection occur in about seven per centum of patients.21 Males utilizing GnRH therapy must be instructed by their physician to reexamine the needle interpolation site day-to-day and unwrap to the primary physician any tenderness, swelling or unstable leaking. Testicular Lack: Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is a consequence of dysfunctional testesIt is defined by elevated gonadotrophins, lowered testosterone, oligospermia, or azoospermia. It is normally referred to as primary testicular failure. males with this status rarely win in paternity via intercourse due to seminiferous tubule impairment.22 Gonadotropin therapy ineffective under this circumstance, so IVF-ICSI is typically required for a positive result of fertilisation. The intervention of varicoceles remains extremely controversial. There is no consensus about the value of intercessions. One gold criterion clinical test suggested that a varicocelectomy in work forces with touchable varicoceles improved seeds factors and increased the opportunities of a self-generated gestation within one twelvemonth compared with surveillance.23 The AUA recommends varicoceles fix be made available as a possible redress to any twosome seeking to accomplish gestation if: the varicoceles is touchable, the twosome has a documented history of unproductiveness ; the female is fecund ; and the adult male has at least one untypical seminal fluid or sperm factors. IVF whether used with ICSI or non, can be considered when there is the basic ground to see handling a female sterility cause, notwithstanding the manifestation of varicoceles and suboptimal seeds values.10 Post-testicular Lack: Treatment picks for sterility due to clogging azoospermia take history of both IVF-ICSI and microsurgical techniques such as vasectomy reversals.24 Ejaculatory disfunction, specifically the inability to chuck out any seminal fluid, is treatable with alpha-adrenergic agonists that aid ejaculation.25 This attack can transform males with unsuccessful emanation to backward interjection and so seminal fluid is retrieved for reproduction intents. Idiopathic Sterility: The medical community is divided on the proper direction of idiopathic sterility. Any figure of medical therapies remain endeavores to better gestation rates irrespective of cogent evidence of efficaciousness. An AUA scrutiny of birthrate specializers cite clomiphene citrate ; human chorionic gonadotropin ; and anastrazole as typically prescribed medicines for idiopathic male infertility.26 Drumhead Infertility affects the U.S. , with several necessitating medical intercession to recognize gestation. It ‘s indispensable that each spouse be wholly evaluated for beginnings of the issue ( s ) in order to measure and enhance interventions ; and to minimise morbidity due to come-at-able implicit in medical conditions. The pharmaceutical chemists function in wellness attention, along with the primary sterility specializer, affords the opportunity to descry medicines with potentially inauspicious effects on birthrate ; suggest different medicine, and advocate patients on the right usage of medical specialties. Recent progresss in the etiology of sterility and the function of combinative therapies in ART have improved results for sterile twosomes. However extra analysis is required to determine the full scope of unknown causes of male physiological status and to develop simpler, more effectual and less dearly-won interventions.

Human Trafficking in Houston Essay

Texans and Americans alike need to be aware of ongoing human slavery that tarnished the I-10 freeway and they need to know how they can stop the plague of Human Trafficking on Houston Texas. This past January, President Barack Obama recognized Human Trafficking Awareness month. In a published statement the President said he wanted to, â€Å"recognize the people, organizations and government entities that are working to combat human trafficking,† and â€Å"recommit to bringing an end to this inexcusable human rights abuse.† According to the U.S. Department of Justice human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal industries, with 14,500-17,500 individuals trafficked in the United States each year and 800,000 globally. With a number of contributing factors, including a diverse immigrant population and major roads for domestic and international travel, Houston is a hotspot for human trafficking in the U.S. According to Religion Link, â€Å"Nongovernmental organi zations and nonprofits are now enlisting the aid of religious groups in the fight against human trafficking.† In Houston, organizations like the YMCA, the Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, Free the Captives and Redeemed Ministries are all part of an entrenched alliance of non-profits, both secular and religious, fighting human trafficking in Houston. Constance Rossiter of the YMCA said, â€Å"These partnerships with religious organizations and other non-profits are essential to combatting human trafficking.† â€Å"There are many levels, it’s like a puzzle,† she said, â€Å"fighting human trafficking takes a community of partners including non-profits, churches, synagogues and law enforcement.† Each entity has its role to play, whether it be prevention, lobbying for legislation, advocation, awareness or enforcement, said Rossiter. Free the Captives, a Houston based Christian non-profit, does it all. Having long been involved in education and counseling for at-risk teenagers and potential pimps, Free the Captives is also active in trying to go after suppliers an d buyers in the human trafficking market. Working with attorneys, Free the Captives seeks to shut down trafficking locations by using nuisance abatement laws and other tactics. Taking the fight one step further, the organization recently began lobbying the Houston mayor’s office and local and federal law enforcement to focus on the demand side of the trafficking trade. Calling it the â€Å"Reduce the Demand Campaign,† the non-profit believes it is the primary solution in ending human trafficking. â€Å"To make an impact on domestic sex trafficking you have to go after the buyers,† said a representative from Free the Captives, whose identity is protected due to recent threats made by traffickers. â€Å"It does not matter how many pimps and landlords there are if the buyers are still willing to pay and there is money to be made,† said the anonymous source, â€Å"other pimps and landlords will pop up. You can’t stem the tide without going after the source.† For their part, the Mayor’s Office and the Houston Police Department believe that human trafficking is a major problem and are sincere in enforcing existing laws. In a letter from 2010, Mayor Annise Parker acknowledged the growing problem and said, â€Å"Houston is a hub for Human Trafficking where approximately twenty percent of all human trafficking victims will pass through our city at some point of their enslavement.† The Mayor’s Office recently reiterated the importance of fighting human trafficking and in a response to Free the Captives said, â€Å"Controlling sex trafficking remains of great concern. The governmental focus on landlords and illegal business has brought results. In the last year and a half the Houston Police Department has recovered 73 juveniles, arrested 21 pimps and two â€Å"Johns,† or buyers,† said Lieutenant Andy Lahaye. To do more the police are training their patrol offices to identify trafficking situations and be able to respond or pass on a tip for the vice department to investigate. However, Lahaye commented that it is difficult to go after the buyers and said, â€Å"It’s an underground world, we can’t just put an undercover officer out there as a decoy to catch a ‘John.’† â€Å"It’s all very subsurface, so we are going after what is out there for us to see, even though we want to cut it off at the source. That’s the struggle we are battling.† Free the Captives continues to demand the focus be shifted to the buyers. Although, many of the domestic victims in the world are not being pimped out in spaces that need landlords. While the mayor and law enforcement focuses on landlords they are almost entirely missing vulnerable American teens in private locales. They remain in bondage. Prevention is a key component to the fight against human trafficking and more organizations, not just faith based organizations like Free the Captives, need to focus their energies on prevention and curbing the supply of victims being exploited. In addition to existing enforcement the lobbying efforts of everyday citizens are paying dividends. While there are some great efforts to end human trafficking in Houston, organizations cannot function without active members. There is always something to help with.