Pride in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Pride in The Iliad The period in which the events in The Iliad took place were different than the times of today. Back then, the most important aspect of liveliness for a person was to be a hero and to be remembered. Ones pride would come before everything else. In the present day, this concept would be thought of as illogical or foolish. This is certainly true. But, that is how life was in that time- peoples beliefs were to be the death of them. Pride was the downfall of all characters in Homers epic poem, The Iliad. Hectors fatal mistake was that he chose pride over his own well being in the battle with Achilles. He could have taken safety within the walls of Troy, or disappeared into a people of his comrades, but Hector chose to stand his ground and confront Achilles. Ah for a young man all looks fine and noble if he goes down in war...he lies at that place dead...but whatever death lays bare, all wounds are marks of glory. If Hector had salvaged his pride and ret reated to safety, he would have lived to defend Troy. Therefore, the possibility arises that he could have halt the onslaught of the Acheans altogether, and won the war for the Trojans. The result of Hectors pride was his death and the betrayment of his fellow warriors and friends. Another person within the Iliad whose pride was the downfall of his character, was Patrocleus. Patrocleus was a great warrior, friend, and summation to the Achiens. But, he made foolish choices on account of his pride. For instance he chose to wear Achilles armor into battle when Achilles refused to fight. This was only for his self-glorification. ...Once you have beaten off the lethal fire, quick, come back to the ships-you must not battle Hector After going into battle brandishing the armor, Patrocleus becomes overzealous and places himself at the enemys disposal. If Patrocleus would have thought logically, and not acted on pride, he would of remained alive. In addition to Hector and Patroc leus, the main character in The Iliad - Achilles, was also brought to ruin by his pride. For example, he was too proud to fight in the war when Agamemnon took his woman.

Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Essay -- Globalization

In response to globalization, many critics have become have-to doe with with its effects on other cultures. Globalization is not merely the sharing of goods and slew, hardly also the spread of ideology and values. So, what happens when the ideologies of unalike nations conflict? For those who support the ethnic imperialism theory, the answer is simple? The more powerful countries ideas prevail, forcing the people of the less powerful sylvan to quickly abandon their former ideas and adapt to the new ones. The result is that trusty cultures are ruined which ordain lead to a global homogeneous culture. However, those who campaign this theory contend that cultures are not ruined but spread out and enhanced to create more complex and diverse societies. In my paper I examined both arguments as well as the way in which American popular culture is spread. In particular, I will focus on the reach of American influence in Japan and Korea, both of which have been opened to American culture, and France. Most often, scholars cite media and business as the main form of pagan imperialism, but what is the true effect of watching American television and movies, earreach to music, or eating a Big Mac? I dont believe that there is a significant impact because while people from other cultures may emulate common American images and ideas, they also find different shipway to adapt these new ideas into their traditional culture. These different methods of adaptation will lead to an even more complex global culture instead of a homogeneous one, while concepts of ethnocentrism will maintain diversity. Theories First, what is culture? Furthermore, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the authors of ethnic Anthropology, r... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a-8850-8b75290ad3ccsessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==Rauth, R. (1988). The myth of cultural imperialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved fromhttp//ww w.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-myth-of-cultural-imperialism/Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film quotas and cultural protectionism . Retrieved from http//www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htmRothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of cultural imperialism?. Foreign Policy, (107), Retrieved from http//www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.htmlTop 10 ways kfc in japan is different from kfc in the us . (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-differentU.S. Department of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. part of state. Retrieved from http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Essay -- Globalization In response to globalization, many critics have become concerned with its effects on other cultures. Globalization is not merely the sharing of goods and people, but also the spread of ideology and values. So, what happens when the ideologies of different nations conflict? For those who support the cultural imperialism theory, the answer is simple? The more powerful countries ideas prevail, forcing the people of the less powerful country to quickly abandon their former ideas and adapt to the new ones. The result is that authentic cultures are ruined which will lead to a global homogeneous culture. However, those who oppose this theory contend that cultures are not ruined but expanded and enhanced to create more complex and diverse societies. In my paper I examined both arguments as well as the way in which American popular culture is spread. In particular, I will focus on the impact of American influence in Japan and Korea, both of which have been receptive to American culture, and France. Most often, scholars cite media and business as the main form of cultural imperialism, but what is the true effect of watching American television and movies, listening to music, or eating a Big Mac? I dont believe that there is a significant impact because while people fr om other cultures may emulate common American images and ideas, they also find different ways to adapt these new ideas into their traditional culture. These different methods of adaptation will lead to an even more complex global culture instead of a homogeneous one, while concepts of ethnocentrism will maintain diversity. Theories First, what is culture? Furthermore, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the authors of Cultural Anthropology, r... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a-8850-8b75290ad3ccsessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==Rauth, R. (1988). The myth of cultural imperialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved fromhttp//www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-myth-of-cultural-imperialism/Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film quotas and cultural protectionism . Retrieved from http//www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htmRothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of cultural imperialism?. Foreign Policy, (107), Retrieved from http//www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.htmlTop 10 ways kfc in japan is different from kfc in the us . (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-differentU.S. Department of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. department of state. Retrieved from http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm

Terrorism Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism and hostage taking may be as old as civilization itself. There are legion(predicate) references to abduction throughout Greek mythology. In midievil times hostages were taken for money or a guaranteed safe passage through a country. In the U.S., Indians on the Hesperian frontier terrorized settlers to frighten them away. Throughout the twentieth century, up until the 1970s various terrorist acts were committed, yet it was not as big a problem as it is today. The cutting age of terrorism dawned at 430 in the morning of September 5, 1972. It was then that members of the Palestinian organization Black September attacked the Isreali Olympic team. triplet men were killed on the spot and nine were taken captive. The terrorists demanded that 200 of their fellow Arabs be released from Isreali prisons. They also wanted Isreal disbanded and its territory returned to the Palestinian people. The results of the Munich attack were tragic. Following a gun battle between German sharps hooters and the terrorists, which killed one German policeman, all nine hostages and five of the terrorists were killed by a hand grenade. The events at Munich proved that a single terrorist action, cleverly planned and daringly executed by a small band of people could accomplish as much as the achievement of a large army. That is why the Munich attack was the dawn of a new age of terrorism. From the point of view of the terrorists, the main goal of the Munich attack was to draw management to the Palestinian cause, a goal that was achieved through media coverage. This accomplishment was a lesson that terrorists everywhere were quick to learn. This is widely shown in that the number of terrorist acts has generally risen, with a trend toward bloodier incidents. The collecting of terrorist attacks on innocent civilians has caused many changes around the world. There have been thousands of instances of terrorism. Just a few statistics can give one the idea of the seriousness of the p roblem. Robert Clarke from the depicted object Security Council put it perfectly when he said "organized crime groups now posses such significant resources that they can almost buy and sell governments" (Morrison 6). The incision of defense estimates that as many as 26 nations may posses chemical agents and or weapons and an additional twelve may be seeking to develop them. between 1970 and 1977, terrorist movements thr... ...at the problem of terrorism. These new policies have clearly changed many routines and spending of money. Programs have been set up, thousands of people have been hired, and billions of dollars have been spent in order to push down terrorism around the world. In the past decade, over 18,000 individuals in 50 nations gave been trained in counter terrorism. The U.S. alone gas trained more than 19,000 impertinent law enforcement officials from more than 80 countries in such areas such as airport security, bomb detection, maritime security, VIP protect ion, hostage and rescue, and crisis management. The FBI is moving to reassign vitamin D of its agents to counter terrorism duty. It is also dramatically expanding its presence overseas. Along with hiring thousands of individuals to counter terrorism duty, governments have set up hundreds of programs to help gain intelligence. Anti-terrorism funding has been boosted by one billion dollars in over four years. In 1986, the Counter-Terrorism Center was set up to collect data about and coordinate strategies toward terrorist groups. In 1985, chairman Reagan set up a cabinet level commission, known as the Vice Presidents Task Force on Combating Terrorism.

Effect of violence seen on Television Essay -- essays research papers

The Effects of Violence Seen on TelevisionOne Saturday morning when I was five years old, I was watching an incident of the Roadrunner on television. As Wile Coyote was pushed off a cliff by the roadrunner for the fourth or fifth time, I started express mirth uncontrollably. I then watched a Bugs Bunny show and started laughing whenever I saw Elmer Fudd shoot Daffy Duck and his bill went twirling around his head. The next day, I pushed my crony off a cliff and shot my dog to see ifs its head would twirl around. Obviously, the last sentence is not true. The example above is an exaggeration of the effectuate of violence on television can have on children. To a five-year-old child, Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny are the pinnacle of cool, and they see nothing wrong with the knockdown-dragout stunts seen on television. The average child watches about two and half hours of television a day and witnesses twenty violent acts on those television shows each hour. In most actions movies, there is always a disconsolate guy and a good guy. From observation of children, most children would prefer to be the bad guy because the bad guy gets to the cool stuff, as one child told me whom I was babysitting when I asked him why he wanted to be the evil monster in Power Rangers Dinothunder movie. What kinds of problems is this causing for our youth?Children often behave differently after they have watched violent programs on tel...

Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative Environment Trash Es

Canadian Waste in moolah In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was sign-language(a) by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary relocation of Hazardous Waste. Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these embarkments, and then would have 30 days to consent or in 10t to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its refuse to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced. plainly now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canadas garbage.As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan. In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute. Garbage trucks from Toronto kick the bucket seven days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Torontos garbage per day. But it wasnt always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry. The state lowered the indebtedness standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free financial support for new facilities. The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage to fill them. So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigans private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fifty dollars per ton. Toronto did the mathematics and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g untimely destroyed by trucks hauling garbage that is not ours. It is our water and air that is creation polluted by the hundreds of Canadas garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canadas garba ge. We will soon no longer need Canada to tend of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site. And as for saying that Canadas garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage. The U.S. need now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since January 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto. Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage. Michigans air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state. Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative milieu Trash EsCanadian Waste in Michigan In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was signed by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste. Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these sh ipments, and then would have 30 days to consent or object to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its garbage to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced. But now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canadas garbage.As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan. In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute. Garbage trucks from Toronto run seven days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Torontos garbage per day. But it wasnt always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry. The state lowered the liability standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free financing for new facilities. The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage to fill them. So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigans private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fifty dollars per ton. Toronto did the math and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g prematurely destroyed by trucks hauling garbage that is not ours. It is our water and air that is being polluted by the hundreds of Canadas garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canadas garbage. We will soon no longer need Canada to dispose of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site. And as for saying that Canadas garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage. The U.S. needs now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since January 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto. Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage. Michigans air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state.

Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative Environment Trash Es

Canadian Waste in lettuce In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was gestural by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary sweat of Hazardous Waste. Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these directments, and then would have 30 days to consent or disapprove to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its scraps to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced. hardly now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canadas food waste.As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan. In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute. Garbage trucks from Toronto work out s horizontal days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Torontos garbage per day. But it wasn t always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry. The state lowered the indebtedness standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free backing for new facilities. The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage to fill them. So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigans private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fifty dollars per ton. Toronto did the math and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g untimely destroyed by trucks force garbage that is not ours. It is our water and air that is cosmos polluted by the hundreds of Canadas garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canadas garbage. We will soon no longe r need Canada to jail of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site. And as for saying that Canadas garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage. The U.S. take now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since January 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto. Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage. Michigans air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state. Canadian Waste in Michigan Essay -- Argumentative milieu Trash EsCanadian Waste in Michigan In 1986, a waste treaty between Canada and the U.S. was signed by American lawmakers concerning the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste. Under the terms of this treaty, the EPA is to receive notification of these shipments, and then would h ave 30 days to consent or object to the shipment. Since 1986 Canada has shipped its garbage to Michigan to be dumped into landfills and the provisions of this treaty have never been enforced. But now is the time for them to be enforced and stop the importing of Canadas garbage.As of January 1, 2003, the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario started to ship one hundred percent of its garbage into the landfills of Michigan. In 2003, Toronto exported garbage at a rate of 7.2 tons per minute. Garbage trucks from Toronto run seven days a week twenty-four hours a day, so at the rate of 7.2 tons per minute it works out to be that Michigan imports 10,368 tons of Torontos garbage per day. But it wasnt always like this, Governor John Engler and his administration turned garbage into a growth industry. The state lowered the liability standards for landfill owners and also provided tax-free financing for new facilities. The result of these changes lead to too many landfills and not enough garbage t o fill them. So the landfill owners lowered their prices and searched even harder for garbage. Today, Michigans private landfills charge ten to fifteen dollars per ton to dump while other landfill owners in neighboring states charge twenty five to fifty dollars per ton. Toronto did the math and realized that it is cheaper to haul its garbage 300 miles and dump it in Michigan then it is to dump it close to home. And on top of that, Michigan has eliminated funds fo... ...g prematurely destroyed by trucks hauling garbage that is not ours. It is our water and air that is being polluted by the hundreds of Canadas garbage trucks and millions of tons of Canadas garbage. We will soon no longer need Canada to dispose of hazardous waste due to the proposition of using the Yucca Mountains in Nevada as a dump site. And as for saying that Canadas garbage is cleaner than ours, who cares it is still garbage. The U.S. needs now more than ever to enforce the treaty that was signed in 1986. Since J anuary 1, 2001, there has been a 40% increase in the amount of garbage that is being imported from Toronto. Michigan should not be the dumpsite for another countries garbage. Michigans air and water are being polluted by garbage that is not ours. American lawmakers need to stop the two-way street that is destroying the Great Lakes state.

Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper Essay

The stir that occurs from center of attention childhood to adolescence is arguably one of the intimately profound changes that children go through. Not notwithstanding do children change physically but emotionally. Adolescence is the passingal period between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, and marks the beginning of the reproductive lifespan in humans. Adolescence involves sexual maturity in terms of hormones and physical discoverment of the body, and is also characterized by an increase in the complexity of group interactions and thus social air (Lerner and Steinberg, 2004). During this time of transition more develop a stronger sense of self and begin to separate from completely associated themselves with their family atoms. This is a completely normal stage of transition for children turning into adolescents and becoming a vital part of a larger community.Family Dynamics at that place are many ways a childs upbringing can affect how they mature into adults. A primary aspect taken into consideration is the family dynamic in which a child is raised. In many cases a child with a family that is well structured, has sound moral characteristics, and provides a stable environment is more likely to be a successful member of society. Whereas a child who has a family that is dysfunctional is less likely to be in a healthy environment emotionally or physically. For example, Recent look for has suggested that the family plays an important role in depressive disorders (Keitner & Miller, 1990 Keitner, Miller, Epstein, & Bishop, 1990).More specifically, research has demonstrated that families of depressed patients manifest significant impairments in family functioning during the patients acute circumstance relative to control families (Crowther, 1985 Dobson, 1987 Keitner, Miller, Epstein, & Bishop, 1986) with 50%75% of families of depressed patients manifesting significant family dysfunction.(Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., Whisman, M. A., Ryan, C. E.,Epstein, N. B., & Bishop, D. S. ,1992). A dysfunctional family can perplex a catalyst for many undesirable emotional attributes and or physical reactions that can occur after being subjected to higher levels of dysfunction. For example if a child is verbally abused by a rise they may exhibit such behaviors towards their peers to gain some form of control in their life.Peer Influences From Middle Childhood to AdolescencePeers from middle childhood onto adolescence make a substantial change with age. Many children at a young age learn how to socialize with other children and generally behave well with the collective group. As children grow in age and their hormones develop, they become more aware of their surrounding social group. This can have both negative and positive impacts on development. The unforesightful peer relations of aggressive children could make them isolated psychologically or physically from peers, which in turn might result in depressive or degraded problems . (Yamasaki, K., & Nishida, N. 2009). Whereas in a healthy peer relation environment a child will be more likely to excel socially and develop a strong sense of individuality amongst those around them.Pressures faced in Adolescence vs. Middle Childhood.During the change from middle childhood to adolescence, children are begin to develop their suffer identity. They are physically going through major changes. Where sexual differences before adolescence usually played a dividing factor when it comes to social interactions, chemical changes that happen to most adolescent boys or girls bring about a change in interest. Often children begin to think more abstractly during this change instead of proficient asking why they think of the multiple possibilities. Children going through adolescence are going through body watch struggles, boys feel pressured to have to meet masculine standards, whereas girls go through major changes in body image and can feel vulnerable. With puberty, normal i ncreases in girls body, fat can impact body image and self-concept negatively for many. Both boys and girls might be concerned with skin problems, height, weight, and overall appearance. (Oregon State University, 2001).Almost all children face this significant change through puberty, which brings on emotional changes as well. It is important to encourage an understanding of healthy body image to boost confidence. Changes in Moral Values from Middle Childhood toAdolescence During the change from middle childhood to adolescence moral values begin to advance beyond just the understanding of what is right or wrong determined by peers. During middle childhood children think more along the lines of what is fair, and rely on more of a give and take dynamic. With a transition to adolescence children begin to take into banknote others feelings and their perspective.Also when a child becomes older they come to see the bigger picture, and become influenced by societys moral standards. Increas ing faculty to take perspective of others into account with own perspective. (Children) Begins to question social conventions and re-examine own values and moral/ethical principles, sometimes resulting in conflicts with parents.(Oregon State University, 2001). The legal opinion begins to open to understanding different scenarios. This is when most children begin to question their peers and even formulate their own opinions, sometimes that involves changing from having the same ideals as their parents.ConclusionThere are many changes that happen during the change from middle childhood to adolescence. Physical changes include changes in bodily image, many children enter into puberty at this time. When children become adolescents they become more involved with their self-image and individuality. Emotional changes begin to happen at this age as well, some attribute it to hormone changes, however cognitive emergence also has a lot to do with the change. During this time of change it i s important for families to provide helpful guidance without over stepping personal boundaries of young budding adults. existence a supportive family will increase a childs ability to transition well and become a successful, well-rounded member of society.ReferencesChoudhury, S., Blakemore, S., & Charman, T. (2006, December). well-disposed cognitive development during adolescence. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2555426/Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., Whisman, M. A., Ryan, C. E., Epstein, N. B., & Bishop, D. S. (1992). Depressed patients with dysfunctional families Description and course of illness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(4), 637-646. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.4.637Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life rapture in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 66(1-2), 35-60. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1023/BSOCI.0000007496.42095.2cOregon State University. (2001, January). Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development Chart. Retrieved from http//extension.oregonstate.edu/tillamook/sites/default/files/documents/4h/ecno1527.pdfYamasaki, K., & Nishida, N. (2009). The relationship between three types of aggression and peer relations in elementary school children. International Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 179-186. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590701656770

Police Professionalism Essay

Professionalism refers to the skill, competence or standards expected of a member of a profession. It involves the adoption of a set of values and attitudes by members of an occupation that atomic number 18 self-consistent with a professional ideology.Professionalization is a process of legitimization an occupation goes done as it endeavors to improve its social status. The various characteristics of a profession include the interest (Roberg and Kuykendall, 1993).A well developed body of professional literature materials.A high-pitched degree of generalized and systematic knowledge with a theoretical base. This is achieved through research.A high degree of self control of behavior governed by a canon of morality.The code of ethics is a statement of values ensures a high flavour of serving. It to a fault guarantees competency of membership, honor and integrity. The code is a direct expression of the professions principles of service orientation. It emphasizes no personal shap e up and protection of the client.Membership in professional organizations and associations.Dedication to self-improvement.Existence of a unique, identifiable academic field of knowledge attainable through education. in that location is a system of testing the competence of members. guard professionalism has been a focal point in the past for police reformers. The ambiguity of the role of the police has however sternly hampered efforts to professionalize the police because deciding on the proper role of the police is a necessary step to outlining steps towards professionalism. Police professionalism can mean unlike things in different places and at different times making agreement on the requirement for a professional police force unlikely. Police professionalism may refer to police organizations as police officers, or both. Some police administrators refer to tangible improvements such as latest technology like computers and weaponry, as signs of professionalism. However this is not true in reference to the characteristics of professionalism. Currently the police are struggling to meet the requirements of a profession. Clearly there is a increase body of professional literature on the police. Some Journals like police studies and America journal of the police contain reports of police research. There are also penodicals and a rapid expanding number of government reports on police that contri stille more information on police operations and organizations. A code of ethics for the police has been developed and modified by the International Association of heads of police. Although some police may be unfamiliar with its contents, indications show that many officers know the code exists. However the code of conduct offers little control over the police. This is because there is no professional standards committee that reviews and sanctions police for the violation of their own code. (Gaines, kappeler & Vaughn, 1999). There are a number of professional policed a ssociations especially for chief executive officers. Organizations like Fraternal Order of the police are oriented toward rank-and-file officers as well but they have typically served as organizations and collective bargain agents. In recent years there has been expansion of professional organizations among police planners, investigators and others. On dedication to self-improvement, shortly there are no national minimum standards for either departments or police personnel. Many states do not even allow training on a constant introduction after completion of the basic training program. However among the progressive police personnel, there is an increased interest in establishing high police officer standards. A study in police has lately emerged. Many college- take aim academic programs in policing and criminal justice have emerged. Regardless of the quality of the programs and consensus on the topics covered in these programs, there is increasing number of officers earning undergr aduate and graduate degrees in police science, law enforcement, and criminal justice programs. Regardless of these achievements however, growth of police professionalism remains an elusive goal. Dedication to the attainment of professional standards exists among some police executives and totally lacks among many others. Many officers resist this pursuit of professionalism on the basis that their jobs are blue collar shift works that involve little need for advanced education. This reduces dedication to self-improvement. In addition unionization of police officers sometimes inhibits progress toward professionalism. Therefore there cannot be a universal number that will accurately reflect the police personnel needs of all jurisdictions.There are various ways of determining the appropriate number of police personnel for a given jurisdiction (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). These includeIntuitively.Comparatively.By workload.The intuitive uprise involves little more than an educated gue ss and is often based on tradition (personnel numbers from previous years). The approach is based on the number of crimes percipient or total number of arrests. These means, many administrators may demand more police officers be hired as crime rates increase. However it is historied that differences in crime rates should not be attributed to variations in the number of police. The research conducted by Bayley, 1994 found out that increases in the number of police well-nigh parallel increase in crime rates. People tend to hire more police when crime rates increase, but this has no effect on the rate of crime increase.Comparative approach involves comparing one or more urban centers like cities using the ratio of police officers per one deoxyguanosine monophosphate population units. If the comparison city has a higher ratio of police to population, it is assumed that an increase in personnel is justified to at least the level of the comparison city (Roseberg & Kuykendall, 1993). Th e exclusive use of this method to compute police personnel needs is not recommended. Communities have unique characteristics concerning areas covered, crime rates, economic strength, slub of roads and others. These have an impact on the quantity of personnel required to fulfill service requests. Workload requires a clear information system, expressed death penalty standards, well-elaborated community expectations and prioritization of police activities (Roberg & Kuykendall, 1993). The workload analysis of police usually involves various steps which include documenting total patrol workload occurring. Determining the time taken to handle the workload, translating the data into number of patrol officers required, determining the number of patrol officers needed on different days and times and how best to assign patrol officers to various areas (Cordner & Sheehan, 1999). The computation of patrol workload is complicated by the issue of uncommitted crime. Sometimes measurement of po lice demand services can be based on work generating variable like citizen calls for police service and others. Although the workload analysis has been shown to be methodologically sound, few jurisdictions use this form. Administrators cite the cost, complexness of the formula and extensive data collection as the limitations that hinder using the workload formula.ReferencesBayley, D. (1994). Police for the future. USA Oxford University Press.Cordner, G. & Sheehan, R. (1999). Police Administration. USA Anderson Pub. Co.Gaines, L., Kappeles, V. & Vaughn, J. (1999). Policing in America. USA Anderson Pub. Co.Roberg, R., Kuykendall, L. (1993). Police and Society. USA Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Developmental Psychology and Children Essay

1.1An explanation of the legal status and principles of the relevant Early Years textile and why the early years frameworks emphasise a personal and individual approach to learning development. The department of Education have issued a statutory manakin for Nursery settings, known as the Early Years Foundation Stage. The framework sets the legal requirements for the care of young children relating to Learning, Development and Welfare. The EYFS framework sets the UK standards for learning, development and care for children from parturition to five. The curriculum is built around four principles1.A Unique Child2.Positive Relationships3.Enabling Environments4.Learning and DevelopmentTo give a basic understanding of the four principles, I will rationalize them belowA Unique ChildYou should focus on how children develop and recognise they are all different, but should be treated equally. Positive relationships and uncorrupted communication are vital. Children need to learn nearly ri sks and safety, how to make good choices and how to stick to boundaries.Positive RelationshipsThe theme is about children learning to manage their feelings and build relationships. You should take note all kinds of families and aim to develop a positive two-way relationship with parents. You will support, listen and work with the children to help them learn.Have a nominated key carer for distributively child to ensure they have the opportunity of building a close relationship and are well monitored during their time with you.Enabling EnvironmentsPlan and check on each childs progress and make every attempt to involve parents and the local community. Ensure that inside and outside spaces of the nursery are safe, provoke and engaging.Learning and DevelopmentFocus on ensuring young children learn through play and exploration, with support for each individual. You should encourage children to develop imagination, to get actively compound in learning and to make decisions. Make every attempt to develop childrens creative and critical thinking, balancing the need for both the children and adults to lead the learning. continuously work towards the following specific goals to help keep within the framework Personal, Social and Emotional Development, helping to build confidence, concentration, independence and respect. Communication, Language and Literacy, developing oratory and listening skills and beginning to read and write.Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy, focusing on number work, mathematical ideas and thinking. Knowledge and Understanding of the World, helping children investigate and think about their place in the world. Physical Development, relating to developing physical skills and understanding. Creative Development, centred around building childrens imagination. Welfare, ensuring we are all aware of our responsibility for childrens welfare. We will look after your child properly and help them to stay healthy. We also ensure the Red House is a s afe and positive place for children

Semantic and phonetic interference in memory recall

Additionally, a signifi set upt difference was visible amongst all tether checkers, with the semantic and verity conditions scoring a lower recall level in comparison to the controlled condition. Introduction The active difference between short-term fund and long-term memory is anything only when exact. Although, on that point is an understanding that long-term memory is being examined when a run is displayed several occasions over an interval of time calculated in minutes and recalling is measured after minutes, hours and days, and short-term memory is being examined when a describe is displayed once and at a rate of fewer than 30 seconds.Within wisdom a key question is whether information is bury due to a function of time. A strong amount of research proposes that information is not forgotten due to time, scarce as a result of interference (see, e. G. , Lavabo, Annoys, & Masters, 2002 Neat & Surprising, 2003 Bureau & Kiel, 2006). However, many academics have thought that unrehearsed information is forgotten over several seconds (e. G. , Biddable, 1986 Tows, Hitch, & Hutting, 2000), since supported theories (e. . , Biddable & Scott, 1971 Cowan, Nugent, Elliot, & Greer, 2000 Mueller, Seymour, Sierras, & Meyer, 2003). The matter continues to be uncertain. Our readiness to selectively remember earlier information is a vital specs of our long-term memory system. Prior research proposed that in many circumstances individuals have the ability of selectively seeking information in memory, preceding to their subsequent remembrance.Even with research for this skill to selectively seek information from our memory, we still do not have much information on how we actually achieve this complex task. Able and Bumps (2013) research focuses on participants revising items from different categories and then continually recalling specific items from specific categories, recall rehearsal normally increases recall of he rehearsed information although impairs retrie val of associated but unrehearsed information, relative to man come along information from unrehearsed categories.The results displayed the belief that memory impairment following extended intervals between practice and test and in the happening of retroactive interference. In opposition, both the rehearsed and the related unrehearsed information displayed b arely any failure to remember under these conditions. Unshorn, Brewer and Spillers (2013) conflicting study observed the impact of proactive and retroactive interference on memory Argentina, examining how individuals concentrate their search on a localise list when accompanied by proactive or retroactive interference.Results showed that long-term memory headinging is steered by noisy temporal- considerationual cues (unless other salient cues are current) that trigger equally relevant and irrelevant memoranda that are then exposed to a post reco rattling supervising process these findings challenge the results from Able and B umps (2013) study. This research among other findings (see, e. G. , Lavabo, Annoys, & Masters, 2002 Neat & Surprising, 2003 Bureau & Kiel, 2006 Unshorn, Brewer & Spillers, 201 3) motives the afford study.This research examines not only the question of whether there will be a difference between semantic and phonetic interference during memory recall, but also if the results will show a significant difference between the retroactive interference conditions and the controlled condition. Additionally, this study has also been motivated due to there not being prior research comparing semantic interference and phonetic interference in memory recall. The hypothesis of this study is there will be a significant difference between semantic interference and phonetic interference in memory recall.Methods Design In this experimental study, a between participant design was utilized to examine the difference between the effect of semantic and phonetic lyric on the memory recall of a list of word s. The independent variable was the type of retroactive words used (semantic and phonetic). The dependent variable was the amount Of items correctly recalled from a list Of 1 5 words. Participants A sample of 30 student volunteers were employed from Nottingham Trend University, ASK. 15 male and 15 Female participants were used, in an age angel of 18-21 years old.The mean age of the participants was 19. 5. Materials The stimuli consisted of a list of fifteen words. All three conditions consisted of the same fifteen words, although condition two consisted of another fifteen semantic words (See Appendix Two) and condition three consisted of another fifteen phonetic words (See Appendix Three). One dent was awarded for each correct memorized word. Procedure All student partakers were separately attribute in a room where they were requested to complete a consent form prior to partaking in the current study (See Appendix Four).The partakers were presented with presentation seacoasts tw in(a) to their condition. Partakers in condition one were explained, The next slide will display fifteen words, they will step up for four seconds each, separately. Please memories as many words as you possibly can. A one minute interval was given then partakers were asked to recall as many words as they could on paper. Partakers in condition two and three were explained, The next slide will display fifteen words, and you will then be shown another 15 words, they will appear for four seconds each, separately.Please only memories words from the first slides shown. A one minute interval was given then partakers were asked to recall as many words from slide one as they could on paper. ensure twos second set of words were semantic words and condition threes second set of words where phonetic. One mark was given for every correct word recalled. After the task was finished, partakers were asked if they had any questions before being debriefed about the study. Rest Its Table 1 shows the mean consider of words correctly recalled, standard divergency and range for each condition.The findings show that those in indention two (semantic) and condition three (phonetic) recalled less words than in the controlled condition. Additionally, there was a significant difference from those in condition two (semantic) and condition three (phonetic). Therefore, it is clear that retroactive interference had an impact on number of target items being correctly recalled. Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for scores on the number of words correctly recalled in each condition. Mean SD Ra Eng Condition 1 10. 60 1 . 34 10 Condition 2 Condition 3 9. 20 7. 10 1 . 03 1 . 6 A one-way NOVA was carried out to compare condition one a list of 15 rods (mean = 10. 60, standard deviation = 1. 34), condition two semantic words, (mean = 9. 20, standard deviation = 1. 03), and condition three phonetic words, (mean = 7. 10, standard deviation = 1. 86) on the number of words that were correctly recalled. The results showed there was a significant difference between the groups, F(2, 27) = 21. 54, p = 0. 001 Post hoc analysis, using Bonfire corrected appraise comparisons, found that all three conditions had a significant difference in comparison to each condition.Discussion The results from the descriptive statistics (see table 1) were fairly draughtswoman, representing a distinct interference in relations of both semantic and phonetic interference. Particularly, in comparison to the controlled condition, condition two and three were associated with lower recall levels, suggesting that the presence of a non-target list presented after the target list interfered with the recall of target items. Additionally, as put forward by walk (Bibb), retroactive interference effects were of a comparable scale across the measures of importance.These findings are consistent with the previously stated hypothesis drawn upon in the origination that there will be a difference between the semantic and phonetic interference on memory recall. Supporting research (Unshorn, Brewer and Spillers, 201 3) suggests that participants can usually mentally recall the information from the target list, however due to a certain amount of doubt regarding which items were really shown in the target list in relation to the interference list, participants create a wider selection to make sure that the target items will be incorporated in the search set.Therefore, likeliness of accurate recall is lowered when recollecting from the target list (controlled indention) due to non-target list items are added in to search set. Also, this interpretation calculates that the search set will be placed on the target list, although items shown in close time-based proximity to the target list will likewise be added in the search set. Overall, this concept is very much consistent with our findings.Future research is required to grasp an improved understanding with regards to the conditions wherein the search set can and cannot be focused on only target items, the procedures that are employed in order to recall context for events while trying to avoid only pending solely on the present context, and how partakers utilizes context to observe the results of retrieval and how this affects managing decisions during recall.

Enron’s Questionable Accounting Practices

Enron used multiple strategic partners to help cover up their accounting schemes. Houston law firm Vinson Elkins top client was Enron. The law firm wrote panorama letters supporting the legality of the deals Enron was making even though they were illegal. Additionally, Arthur Andersen LLP was Enrons auditor. More than 100 employees at Arthur Andersen were dedicated to Enrons account. The firm was a study business partner of Enron and nigh Arthur Andersen executives accepted jobs with Enron. Some believe there was a conflict of interest.It is as well believed Andersen was influenced to destroy auditing documents because of the large consulting fees Enron paid them. Also, Merrill Lynch, one of the largest enthronization banking firms, was also a contributor. They reportedly helped in a scheme of Enrons to improperly record their earnings in 1999 through the sale of Nigerian Barges. Andrew Fastow, Enrons Chief Financial Officer, is believed to be the mastermind behind the partners hips used to hide the $1 billion debt that led to Enrons bankruptcy.He defrauded Enron and its shareholders to make Enron look more remunerative than it really was (Castalar Articles,2005). Castalar Articles (2005) says, People have described the organizational culture of Enron as being arrogant. Enrons compensation plans seemed less concerned with generating profits for shareholders than with enriching officer wealth. Enrons corporate culture reportedly encouraged flouting or even breaking the rules. Enrons focus shifted from working hard and being successful, to taking short cuts to stay successful.Former chief executive officer Jeffrey Skilling is seen as the mastermind behind Enrons fraudulent accounting. Skilling has been quoted as saying Enron could make a kazillion dollars in a new accounting scheme. He is also reported dumping 39 percent of his Enron stock before the company disclosed its financial troubles. I think it is easy to say what we would have make in this situa tion. We would all like to believe we would have done the right thing and report the company and its CEO as well as the CFO. I know that I would have not stayed with a company I thought was acting unethically.If I had been hired to audit Enron, I would certainly not have swept things under the rug, destroyed documents or accepted bribes. I do not believe this behavior helps anyone in the end. If there would have been some honest reporting and accounting the company would have most likely been successful. However, due to greed and selfishness the company was driven into collapse. Source Castalar articles. (2005). Retrieved from http//articles. castelarhost. com/enron_questionable_accounting_leads_to_collapse. htm

Ford Ka Analysis (with R Software)

1) After using the similarity data provided for the Ford Ka securities industry research study to perform a MDS analysis on the whole sample, the map (exhibit 1) shows the position of the different cars relative to each other. We can reassure twain groups one of them made of Peugeot 106, Ford Fiesta and Opel Corsa (practical and safe cars), the other one made of Nissan Micra and Fiat 500 (dull and outdated cars). The other cars can non be grouped unitedly but there are all the same similarities amidst cars in the light of the two props it allows us for example to see similarity concerning the second dimension between Toyota Rav 4 and VW Polo.It is important here to keep in mind that it is an analysis on the WHOLE sample, it is the reason why the two dimensions cannot be tardily labeled. The first dimension (coordinate 1) shows us if the car is considered as more and less youthful by the respondents. Indeed by using the adjectives associated with each car by Ka Choosers and Non -Choosers provided in the preliminary report we can see that there is no crucial difference concerning this aspect. But for the second dimension it is not that easy because it does not seem to have a consensus and so I decided to not label this dimension.In this case the fact that the MDS analysis does not distinguish between the Choosers and Non-Choosers makes more complicated the naming of the coordinate 2, even if it allows us to see which cars are close to each other or not, according to all respondents. 2) To see more clearly we need to differentiate the MDS between Ka Choosers and Non-Choosers. The two maps provided by this analysis are not exactly the same (see exhibit 2), but they bring the issue of the coordinate 2. Indeed concerning the first dimension there is al just about no difference the Choosers and Non-Choosers have a similar perception of youthful of a car.The difference between the two maps is due to the second dimension which is not the same if you are a Chooser s or not. They do not perceive the market of small cars in the same way for the Choosers the look of the car is the second dimension with the importance of the futuristic aspect of the car, for the Non-Choosers the second dimension is the safety provides by the car. The explanation for these differences is that they might not have the same needs needs for safety against need for a fashion and futuristic car. 3) With regard to our first discourse of the Ford Ka case this MDS analysis is an added value to the formulation of Fords market introduction strategy.After the initial results of market research (case study sidetrack A) we only knew that a demographical segmentation was not relevant and that it would be better to have an attitudinal segmentation. But we did not have any idea of this segmentation because of the complexness of our results. frankincense the issue was that this market research did not give clear answer about who the target customers should be. Now we can say thr ee things The Renault Twingo is the most closer car in the map according to potential buyers (the Choosers) it is the main competitor. It can be connected to the fact that for these people who listed the Ford Ka as one of their top three choices, the Renault Twingo was frequently in the top three as well. The main salient attitude of potential buyers is the importance of the look of a car, especially the futuristic aspect. At the opposite the Non-Chooser qualify the Ford Ka as unsafe. The point is the most interesting because we know that women (especially with children) want a safe car.Thus the desire to focus on women is probably not the good point. For the Choosers and above all for the Non-Choosers the Ford Ka is a special car which does not look wish to others. In glances of this information we know that the Ford Ka occupies a niche in product space, that the hard positioning cannot be changed because the car is already produced and that the soft positioning should be to co nfirm the perception of a special and futuristic car with for example futuristic advertising focused on the esthetic aspect of the car.

How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay

Some men are natural bang-up, some achieve greatness, and some charter greatness thrust upon them. Those were the words of William Shakespeare in Twelfth nighttime. Some men are born and die without been sung. Their imp consummation is not felt and they die to be forgotten by men. On the other hand, some leave their prints on the sand of time, their names and memories immediate in the hearts of men. Such men are rare and are cal take leg blockade, their names remembered by generations to come. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is such(prenominal) a man.There comes a time in any(prenominal) province when history is make. When the government activity of any given state fails in its responsibility, then there is need for a change. At such times, the tribe naturally desire a change because their trust and hopes have been drained. The hoi polloi clamor for a reinvigorated government, a fresh vision and seek a new hope. The question that raises concern in the minds of the hatful of su ch state is who will bear the touch? Who will lead the struggle against oppression? Who is the doughty man that will fight for what he wholly believes in?In South Africa, it was Mandela, in India it was Gandhi, in America, it was Martin Luther and in Cuba it was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. One thing is peculiar of these people They were all great rotatory leaders in their countries. Who then is a revolutionary? A revolutionary is a person who promotes or actively engages in a form of revolution. Revolutionaries are often of the conception that a change is needed and that such changes office not come without forcing it out. The use of violence is acceptable once the desired result is achieved.A revolutionary believes and seeks to uphold plastered ideals or ideology. If history is to be written, the archives of Cuba will not fail to see Fidel Castro. For one thing, he is arguably the most prolific leader that the orbit has produced. He is not salutary a leader but he was the one that spearheaded the revolution in the nation of Cuba. His impact on the nation of Cuba can not be overemphasized. directly, one can hardly talk about the nation of Cuba without mentioning the name Fidel Castro. The question is how did this man, born like you and I were, create a niche for himself.How did he beseem a revolutionary leader? What exploits did he perform that made his name indelible in the muniment of history? Lawyer, Cuban Revolutionary, political leader, and the former President of Cuba, Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 on Cubas North coast to Don Angel and Linda Castro. His parents were immigrants from Spain who had come to fight the United States during the Spanish- American war of 1898. He was trained under the Jesuit priests who instilled discipline, dedication and assertiveness into him. His interests were in issues that had to do with politics and government.He immersed himself in the polemical climate of Cuban politics, nationalism, anti-imperial ism, and socialism. As a student of Havana University, he was elected the electric chair of The Law Students Association. He had his degree in law at the University of Havana in 1950. In 1951 he became a leader in the emergent populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano. The group was kn make in Cuba as Ortodoxos, an anti-commie nationalist group promising major social, sparing and political reforms, and expecting to gain the presidency through electoral politics.He had planned to contest for a place in the congress but his plan was foiled when Fulgencio Batista usurped the constitutional government. When this happened, Castro and some of his folks who had the mind of contesting in the elections before the government was interpreted started planning a means of overthrowing the government. Later in 1952, Fidel Castro plotted his own quixotic revolt, this he did by leading 130 followers to attack the Moncada army barracks in capital of Chile on July 26, and 195 3. The attack was a poorly planned fiasco in which the rebels tried to bluff their representation in.They intended to overpower the 1,000-man garrison, seize some weapons, and then hand them out to crowds of supporters who never rallied to their cause. In 1955, he was granted political amnesty and he later left Cuba for Mexico where he began to train an expeditionary force. He later formed a guerilla force that aimed at a revolution that was filled with promises of gain reforms, jobs and equity for all. This made the militants grow by the day. The people of Cuba began to see a new hope and a new dawn.They will give anything they can to stop the dictatorial rule of Fulgencio Batista. In 1956, Castro launched the revolution with the support of the 82 man strong guerrilla. Unfortunately, they were ambushed by the Cuban Army and were almost killed by the invasion. At the end of the day, only Castro and eleven of his men managed to escape from the hands of the Cuban Army. At this poin t, it was apparent that there was no man power to win this revolution. Therefore, Castro began a massive campaign where he sought to win the peasants to his side. after(prenominal) two years of confrontation, the revolution turned out to be a victory as he has already won most of the peasants to his side. This victory is so significant because Fidel Castros Guerrilla will be the first to will a military in Latin America. This proved him to be a great political strategist. On the 1st of January 1959, the Cuban revolution began with him being at the center of it. Many people joined this revolution for different reasons. It was believed that Fidel Castro will return the country to a constitutional rule, and the reaffirmation of courteous and political rights.For others, who envisioned a major re-structuring of the society, the issue was social justice. These people placed their future into the gird of Fidel Castro and so it was easy for him to establish himself as the sole leader of the intended government. However, once he got to power, Castro steered his country towards communism and collective ownership of properties. He believed and practiced communism in its possible way. This made the put downowners and the American nation furious. Apparently, Batista had previously developed relations with America.This came to an abrupt end at the advent of Castros communism. entirely privately owned businesses, both the ones owned by Cubans and/or the one owned by internationals were taken over by the government. Prior to this time, the America was almost in total control of the industries in Cuba. They made money from the Cubans without fuss. The standard of living of the average Cuban citizen was greatly altered. The major idea of communism is that the work class should be in charge of the government. At this point, privately owned shoes was regarded as illegal.Castro was of the idea that the money of the country should be distributed equally to all citizens, acco rding to their needs. Also, the government controls the emotional statestyle of its citizens. Education is besides an integral part of the new Cubas Communist government. As Castro had hoped for, these changes did have impressive short-term cause for Cuba. Serious illness and economic hardship were almost nonexistent and Cuba had the greatest number of teachers and doctors in that reach of the Caribbean. It was a new dawn for Cuba as people seemed to be looking toward a better and to a greater extent relying future with Castro in charge.However, these benefits did not come without a price. For instance, in order to protect the new forms of communism, Castro eliminated elections and granting immunity of the press, imprisoned political opponents, and made religion a thing to be ashamed of. Castro then began to act like his counterparts who were leaders of communist countries, doing things such as putting industry under government management, claiming the property of people not bo rn in Cuba, creating communities for agriculture, and establishing laws to help laborers and peasants .Cubas new form of government not only affected its people, but also affected its own relationships with other governments around the world. International reactions varied from country to country about the communism in Cuba. Many of Cubas newly enforced laws and government created barriers with neighboring Latin American nations and in 1962 Cuba was dismissed from the Organization of American States. Because of the United States opposition of Communist governments, they were quickly on bad terms with Castro and Cuba.The United States government was led even further in their decision to end any relation they have with Cuba after the Cuban government seized all land owned by Americans Not all nations were in opposition to Cubas change of government. As a matter of fact, Cuba enjoyed a cordial relationship with The Soviet Union. The Soviet government, which was also Communist, assiste d Cuba by religious offering financial aid, trade and the overdue payment of Cubas debts. Apart from these, Cuba was also accepted into the Council for Mutual sparing Assistance (COMECON) in an agreement signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union.Through his long rule as the Leader of Cuba, there have been some(prenominal) attempts made by the US to assassinate him. All these efforts have proved abortive as he has tactfully eluded them. In 1961-63 alone, the CIA recorded hundreds of violent sabotage operations, including several assassination attempts that relied on everything from exploding cigars to bacteria-infected handkerchiefs and aerosol sprays laced with LSD. According to Mr. Castros security services, the CIA and Cuban exiles in Miami hatch no fewer than 638 plots to kill him. All these plots have proved abortive.Fidel Castro is a legend. He has lived a life of impact and we are learning about him today. Whatever the view might be, one thing is certain Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a revolutionary one that will not be forgotten generations to come.Reference Buckman, Robert T. World Today Series- Latin America 2000. Harpers Ferry, WV Stryker-Post Publishers, 2000. Fidel Castro Cuban Leader. Newsmaker Profiles. Internet. 28 November 2000 Kolb, Richard K. Cold War Along the cactus Curtain. VFW Magazine Jan 1999.SIRS. 18 October 2000 explanation of Cuba. Internet. 14 November 2001 Horne, Jed. Fidels Cuba Revolution Running on Empty. Times-Picayune Publishing Corporation 14 March 1993. SIRS association Source. 30 October 2001. Jervis, Rick. Cuba. Scholastic Update 23 February 1998. EBSCOHost. 14 November 2001. Fidel Castro. Anti Essays. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide vane http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/699. html Fidel Castro. BigNerds. com. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web http//www.bignerds. com/show. php? eid=699 Situation and Prospects in Cuba. (1963, June 14). (Item No. CC03127). Retrieved May 8, 2002, from digital National Security Archives database. Chapo, Richard. (2006, October 28). Ten Interesting Tidbits About Cuba. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Ten-Interesting-Tidbits-About-Cuba&id=341249 Intelligence. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-233697 Rodriguez III, Alejandro.(2008, February 19). Fidel Castro Cubas Leader Steps Down Changes Nothing. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Fidel-CastroCubas-Leader-Steps-Down-Changes-Nothing&id=996440 Castro, Raul. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9439238 http//www. marxists. org/history/cuba/archive/castro/ http//www. heritage. org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm1188. cfm http//www. cnn. com/2008/ humanity/americas/02/24/cuba. nextpresident/

Video Games Cause Violence

Video Games Cause forcefulness Video spicy violence is an increasing problem in todays youth with violence as one of the most popular themes. Games such as Grand Theft Auto and Call of Duty atomic number 18 among the most popular games and experience been scientifically proven to move over a major effect on jejunes. Me genuinely sight try to ask that there is a difference in the effect between genders, however it has been proven wrong. Video games have the same effects as other forms of entertainment but do not thrum attacked want telecasting games because the other forms are much larger than moving picture games and have a much wider audience.Violence in moving picture games is a rising problem in the United States, causing teens to have little(prenominal) self-control and more than emotional disturbances, requiring more attention from parents and the Entertainment Software rank Board (ESRB). circumstance Violent video games are gaining popularity around the world and are causing more and more problems among teen violence. Seventy-seven share of people between jump ons 14 and 18 who took place in a curriculum vitae reported that they die hard fighting or shooting games sixty-seven portion of the total time that they get together games.Rashawn Blanchard, author of Video Games Do Not Cause Violence, stated violence in video games simply helps role players find release from the frustrations in their daily lives. The play along also supported this with most people pleading that it is just a game and that they play it to release their anger on something fake that cannot ache anyone in the real world. They say it all depends on the somebody though everyone is different and react to things differently. young players would be more influenced by the games, while older players would spot what is fake and real.The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) rates all the games that are sold to the public. The ESRB rates the games among the content in the games, whether it is a education games to teach jr. kids or a game that you are a person working for the mob, cleanup position people and earning cash to go pay a prostitute. Some people say that the ESRB call for to be stricter to stop younger players from playing more mature games, while others say the ESRB needs to be little strict because if the kid wants it the parents are most likely going to get it for them to lay down them happy.The ESRB gives parents the ability to energize decisions intimately the video games they choose for their families through the eon and content ratings depending on the action in the game and what it bring home the bacons you to do. One incident was on April 20, 1999, in the small, suburban town of Littleton, Colorado, dickens high-school seniors, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, enacted an all-out assault on Columbine high School during the middle of the school day. The boys plan was to kill hundreds of their peers.With guns, knives, and a multitude of bombs, the two boys walked the hallways and killed. When the day was done, twelve students, one teacher, and the two murderers were dead. Klebold and Harris faceed to spend their time doing normal teenager activities. They worked together in a local pizza parlor, liked to play Doom (a computer game) in the afternoons, and worried about finding a date to the prom. For all outward appearances, the boys looked like normal teenagers. Looking back, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris obviously werent your sightly teenagers (Rosenburg).It is hard to tell if someone is beingness affected by video games until they tell someone or act out their plan that that has been influenced by the vehement games. Another incident happened in Germany when Tim Kretschmer dressed himself in black commando suit and opened fire at random at the Albertville-Realschule school in South Germany, killing nine students and three teachers, before fleeing the scene. He would later shoot ano ther person near a psychiatric hospital, before hijacking a car and forcing the driver to take him to the near town of Wendlingen.Police eventually tracked him down and shot him dead, but not before a gunfight that claimed the lives of two more passers-by, and wounded two police officers. Germanys already strict gun laws are being examined in the wake of this shooting, while politicians cluck about violence in the media and look at videogames as a possible cause. The country already has a reputation for banning outright any games that offend their censors, and a lot of material fails to (legally) make it to German gamers without heavy edits.This latest murder offer is not going to help matters at all (Sterling). This type of actions could eventually spread to the United States and make it hard for game makers to make a ruddy game and cause them to lose prophet and go bankrupt having a small toll on the economy. The Effects of the Games Violent video games are importantly associat ed with ontogenyd aggressive behavior, thoughts and also cause increased physiological arousal and decreased pro-social behavior (Anderson).At the Indiana University School of Medicine, researchers say that brain scans of kids who vie a violent video game showed an increase in emotional arousal and a corresponding decrease of activity in brain areas problematical in self-control, inhibition, and attention. However what was not clear was what the MRI images indicate a lingeringor worse- unending effect on the childs brain, and what the effects longer playing times might have (Kalning). All of which are negative effects.Evidence form brain scans in another test seem to support a connection between playing video games and activation of regions of the brain associated with aggression (Kierkegaard). In the test that Kristin Kalning observed, 44 teens were split into two groups with one group playing Need for drive surreptitious (non-violent) and the other group playing Medal of Hon or Frontlines (violent). The scans showed a negative effect on the teens who played Medal of Honor Frontlines for 30 minutes. The same effect was not present for the teens who played Need for Speed Underground.In some cases the high levels of violent video game exposure have been joined to delinquency, fighting at school, and violent criminal behavior (Anderson), which would also support what happened at Columbine High School and in Germany. After visiting the Video Gamers Voters website I bring many facts such as Sixty-seven percent of American heads of households play computer and video games, which would allow these types of players to have more approach to weapons. However people at the age old enough to be head of household would know what is right and what is wrong and would have less chances to do something bad.The average game player is 33 long time old and has been playing games for 12 years. With the average age being that high, it might lead to problems with the ESRB r estricting younger players from playing more violent games and not damage the industry. Eighty-six percent of game players under the age of 18 report that they get their parents permission when renting or buying games, and 91 percent say their parents are present when they buy games. With the parents approving the games there would be less chances for a young player to play games over the age limit.Thirty-six percent of American parents say they play computer and video games. Further, 80 percent of gamer parents say they play video games with their kids. Sixty-six percent feel that playing games has brought their families at hand(predicate) together. With the parents participating in the games with the children there would be more guidance for the children to prevent the violent behaviors and the parents could also formulate the different things that might happen in the game. Thirty-eight percent of all game players are women.In fact, women over the age of 18 represent a significa ntly greater portion of the game-playing population (31%) than boys age 17 or younger (20%). Which leads to PC Magazine saying that women have receive less effects than men, however they are not as likely to play a violent video game reducing the amount of violent video games sold. In 2007, 24 percent of Americans over the age of 50 played video games, an increase from nine percent in 1999. With a wider audience playing video games more people will understand the effects of the games and will work to prevent it.Forty-nine percent of game players say they play games online one or more hours per week. With the online play it can not be controlled to what other people do or say to each other, maybe causing other players to get angry and want to release on something else. 97 percent of the people that participated in a stare at Pasco High School stated that they played online most of the time that they played video games exposing them to more uncontrollable violent behavior. After cond ucting a survey among 57 peers at Pasco High School, I found that 11 of those 57 did not play video games at all. 1 percent of the males that participated in the survey did not play video games. 75 percent of the males surveyed played violent video games with 71 percent playing them most, if not all, of the time. Among the ones that played the violent video games, 100 percent of their parents okayd the games and bought the games for them. 31 percent of the females surveyed do not play video games. 53 percent of the females that play video games play violent ones. The females that played the violent games played them most of the time, with all their parents approving.How to Solve the Problem One way of settlement the problem is for the ESRB to become stricter. Most of the gamers do not want this to happen and think it should be less strict allowing them to play the games that they want to play. However with all the crimes committed by younger people being blamed on video games the ESRB might not have a choice and be coerce to raise the age limits for the more violent games. Another is for parents to control the games the kids play and not allow them to play the more vulgar games.Parents should not only know what the games are they should know what is in the games to see if they approve the games. If the parents just dont care about the games the kids have more chances of being effected by the games and become more violent, making it partially the parents fault for not supervising their kids and allowing them to play the games. Another very unlikely thing to do is for the players to not play nearly as long as they usually would. This would reduce the effects on the players and still allow them to play.With the kids not playing as long it would allow them to do other things such as homework or go outside and play liberal them exercise, however it is not something that the players want because most are addicted to the games. Any of these would drastically red uce the violent behavior and most likely reduce other problems in society. Violence in video games is a mounting problem in our society and needs to be stopped. In order for things to change everyone needs do their part to solve the problem and stick to what they choose. Once this is done the society will be much better.

Conflicts Are Important Worksheet Essay

Part 1 The Five Conflict Types discern each of the five conflict types using paragraph form.Conflict is important, and it is also important to recognize the contrary types of conflicts that you whitethorn be involved with. By knowing this, you can recognize the state of mind youre in and if possible keep down it. Pseudo conflicts atomic number 18 one of the five different types. These argon non real conflicts they are only perceived as conflicts. Pseudo conflicts can result from two causes bad assumptions and false dilemmas. Mistaking assumptions for facts may explain many pseudo conflicts. Pseudo conflicts that result from false dilemmas fleet when the parties involved see only two choices as solutions to the problem. Another is Fact conflicts this kind of conflicts happen when individuals take issue about information that could easily be verified whether by statics or some other resource. self conflicts occur when a dis vexe centers on status or power this reminds of two of my cousins when they let their egos mature in the substance of them winning their athletic competitions.Even though it was obvious that Angel was more(prenominal) of an athletic guy than Joe, he al expressions felt like he had something to prove. Instead of them continuing to be on the same time for these competitions, Joe felt as though he had to show Angel that he was satisfactory to do e trulything better than him as well as set the most girls phone numbers. This kind of ego conflict they had affected their ability to continue to meet together. Value conflicts focus on personal tactual sensations that you dominate near and dear and is one that is very important to me, because at a previous job some other assistant manager decided that he wasnt going to ask all the employees their availability on the weekends. He felt that it was okay for him to ask just the ones he had better communication with. I took that very personal because I believe that all of us should be trea ted equally no egress the title, status, who or whatwe know that conversation got quite heated, and the district manager got involved.The last type of conflict is called train conflicts this usually occurs when the take of one individual are at odds with the indispensablenesss of another For ensample when you look at a tool to finish a job, and so does your co-worker, when you need time to complete a project for work, but your spouse needs you at that very moment, or when you need to schedule a meeting at two oclock and your team member cant be there until three, you have a conflict of needs. Sometimes need conflicts are easily rootd by redefining or restating the needs in a way that accords a mutual satisfying solution.Part 2 The Five Conflict Management StylesDescribe each of the five conflict management styles and explain the strengths and helplessnesses of each. routine paragraph form.There are five different conflict management styles. Each of them has their own stren gths and weaknesses. These styles are called avoiders, accommodators, forcers, compromisers and collaborators. Avoiders steer clear of conflict for a variety of reasons. If you are an avoider, you may lack the time, energy, confidence, or skills to deal in conflict. Avoiders try to stay away from conflict by leaving the situation, changing the subject, or precisely agreeing to disagree without discussing the issues that precipitated the conflict. Although constant use of avoidance is not recommended, you may choose this style as a means of buying time in order to think through the problem, as a way of temporarily defusing strong emotions, or as a means of limiting your involvement in a conflict that does not seem worth the time or effort required to resolve it.On the other hand, avoidance may keep you from seeking a long-term solution to the conflict. Accommodators allow others to determine the outcome of the conflict. You leave alone give in to keep the peace. Accommodators valu e smooth relationships and dont want to make waves or cause trouble for anyone. Accommodation may be most separate when the issue in conflict is not that important to you or when it is easy to make concessions to others. Repeated attempts to appease others, however, may result in resentment and failure to getyour own needs met. Forcers expect to get their needs met regardless of the costs. For the forcer, winning may provide a sense of accomplishment. In conflicts, you may put your needs first and sometimes with little or no regard for the needs of others. This is a weakness when having to deal with a group of people. Not being empathetic to others causes relations to fail.They frequently are more interested in implementing their solution to a problem rather than listening to the opinions, needs, and noteings of others. Forcers are often eager with others who do not see things their way. Although forcing can lower morale, jeopardize relationships, and stifle creativity, in some situations, you king find this approach to be appropriate. Compromisers think that those involved in the conflict must each be prepared to give up something in order to reach a solution. Choosing the role of compromiser, you expect to harmonise for less than what would meet your needs. Compromisers usually employ maneuvering, negotiating, and trading in an attempt to find a solution. However, unmet needs may still remain, and for those involved, the commitment to the solution will be only lukewarm at best. Sometimes, however, you may choose to compromise because the compromise represents a solution some(prenominal) you and the other party can stand with. This latter result is particularly acceptable when the nature of the disagreement isnt of vital importance to you or the other party.Lastly Collaborators believe that both parties can and will get their needs met. The underlying belief of collaborators is that if you understand one anothers needs, you will be able to find a way to meet both parties needs. The question is not whose needs will be met, but rather how you will meet the needs of both parties. This style has the advantages of promoting collaboration, creativity, and commitment. However, collaborating can seem unattainable to you when the needs of those involved are not clearly stated or understood. In addition, you will discover that collaboration takes time, and willingness of both parties to work together, and the belief that there is a mutual satisfying solution.Part 3 Collaborative Communication tilt two methods of collaborative communication and describe how using them can help you avoid conflicts. Believe both parties can meet their needs can help in avoiding conflicts. It is simply put that if I feel you can and you feel that I can and we both truly believe in each other, indeed there would be no conflict. In order for me to believe in anything, I will need some kind of proof first. By both parties believing in the other, they must have prove themselves once before. Wanting to understand the needs of the other is another method that can help avoid conflicts. We all think that what we say is correct so in most cases there is no need to hear the other. And when the other does try to intervene, a conflict occurs. If we take the time out to actually hear someone else without interruption, we may find out that their needs or opinions make lots of senses.

Hazards of e-Waste

Hazards of Electronic uncivilized Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) describes loosely discarded, purposeless, obsolete, or broken electrical or electronic gismos. free-and-easy processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious wellness and pollution problems. Some electronic scrap components, much(prenominal) as CRTs, contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury, and brominated flame retardants.Even in developed countries recycle and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great c atomic number 18 must e interpreted to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and l individuallying of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution,and environmental dangers of unused electronics confound non been exaggerated.Definitions Electronic wast e may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. This commentary includes sed electronics which are destined for employ, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usables ( functional and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc. to be commodities, and reserve the full term waste for residue or material which was represented as working or repairable entirely which is dumped or disposed or discarded by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because dozens of bare electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public olicy advocates apply the term e-waste broadly to all surplus electronics. The unite States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors i n its category of insecure star sign waste. l scarce considers CRTs set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage. Debate continues over the distinction between commodity and waste electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non- epairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may overly come through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes).Protectionists may broaden the definition of waste electronics in order to protect domestic markets from working secondary equipment. The utmost regard as of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components standardised RAM) can help even out the cost of transportation for a larger subjugate of worthless pieces than can be achieved with display devices, which absorb less (or negative ) scrap value.Problems Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the glo e b . Dave Krucn o as For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a cursorily expanding issue. 2 Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste is produced each year.The USA discards 30 million computers each ear and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators. According to a report card by UNEP titled, Recycling from E-waste to Resources, the amount of e-waste being produced including mobile phones and computers could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in rough countries, such as India 3.The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tonnes each year. chinaware already produces about 2. million tonnes (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China frame a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics.While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable difference about the relative risk (compared to automobile scrap, for xample), and strong disagreement whether curtailing patronage in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Moth erboard, attempts to spring the manage have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences. Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics.In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics. While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable disagreement about the elative risk (compared to automobile scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrict the trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences.Global trade issuesOne surmise is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm in originate economies creates an economic disincenti ve to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics aintain that it is too easy for brokers traffic themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China, India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult). The developing countries are becoming big dump yards of e-waste.Proponents of worldwide trade point to the success of fair trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led creation of sustainable Jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher. Defenders of the trade in used electronics say that extraction of metals from virgin mining has also been shifted to developing countries. Hard-rock mining of copper, silver, silver and other materials extracted from electronics is considered tar more environmentally damaging than the recycling ot those materials .They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a lost art in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a path to development. South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China all excelled in finding retained value in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar ndustries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a brat to established manufacturing, and simple protectionism explains some reprehension of the trade.Works like The Waste Makers by Vance Packard explain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ban on import of tested working Pentium 4 laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan. Opponents of surplus electronics exports argue that lower environmental and perseverance standards, cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered painful materials leads to a ransfer of poll ution-generating activities, such as longing of copper wire.In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for processing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to developing nations as dumping grounds for e-waste. Because the United States has not ratified the Basel Convention or its Ban Amendment, and has no domestic laws forbidding the export of toxic waste, the Basel Action Network estimates that about 80% of the electronic waste directed to recycling in the U. S. does not get ecycled there at all, but is put on container ships and sent to countries such as China.This figure is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, and the World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association. Independent research by azimuth State University showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituent materials they contai ned, and that the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as impertinent to Guiyu in the Shantou constituent of China, Delhi and Bangalore in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site near Accra, Ghana have lectronic waste processing areas.Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even water pollution either by immediate discharge or due to get hold runoff (especially near coastal areas), as well as health problems including occupational safety and health effects among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in highly polluting, yokelish recycling technologies, extracting he metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste.Recent studies show that 7 out of 10 children in this region have too much lead in their blood Proponents of the t rade say growth of meshing access is a stronger correlation to trade than poverty. Haiti is poor and closer to the port of New York than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in twilight in developed countries.Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, and internet access, or force them to deal with even less scrupulous suppliers. In a series of sevensome articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many ot these computer repair and scrap separation activities as objectively sustainable. Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and predominant method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt pla stics and to burn away unvaluable metals.This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, bring to an acrid, lingering smog. These noxious fumes include dioxins and furans. 18 Bonfire refuse can be disposed of cursorily into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies. Recycling Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating business. Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e. . , conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This iversion is achieved through reuse and refurbishing. The environmental and social benefits of reuse include diminished demand for saucy products and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental issues) larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing less encase per unit availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products and diminished use of landfills.Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, mobile phones, other handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, opper, and gold. One of the major challenges is recycling the printed band boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. Conventional method employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling efficiency is low.Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling, and some other methods are still under investigation. Hazardous Americium smoke alarms (radioactive source). Mercury fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical oorbells, thermostats). 37 Sulfur lead-acid batteries. PBB s predecessor of PCBs. Also used as flame retardant. Banned from 1973-1977 on. PCBs prior to ban, almost all 1930s-1970s equipment, including capacitors, transformers, wiring insulation, paints, inks, and fictile sealants. Banned during the 1980s.